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Ovarian cancer is a disease where cancer cells form in the tissues of one or both ovaries. The ovaries are female reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Most ovarian cancers start in the cells on the surface of the ovary, called epithelial cells. Other types can begin in egg cells or hormone-producing cells. Similar cancers can also start in the fallopian tubes or the lining of the abdomen, and these are treated like ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer is important because it often grows silently without early symptoms, making it harder to detect early. It is one of the most serious cancers affecting the female reproductive system and can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment decisions depend on the type and stage of cancer, and knowing if inherited gene changes are present can help guide care. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.
Many women with ovarian cancer do not notice symptoms early. When symptoms do appear, they may include belly pain or swelling, feeling full quickly, frequent urination, or digestive issues like bloating and constipation. Doctors may discuss genetic testing to check for inherited risks, especially if there is a family history of ovarian or breast cancer. Treatment plans often involve surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy or targeted drugs that attack cancer cells more precisely.
Diagnosis usually starts with a medical history, physical and pelvic exams, and imaging tests. Blood tests like the CA-125 marker may be done, but a biopsy—removing tissue during surgery—is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment often includes surgery to remove as much cancer as possible, followed by chemotherapy. Targeted therapies may be used to attack cancer cells with specific genetic changes. Genetic testing can identify inherited mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2, which affect treatment choices and risk for other cancers.
Patients may want to ask about the type and stage of their ovarian cancer, what treatments are recommended, and the role of genetic testing. It’s helpful to understand possible side effects, chances of cure or control, and how to manage symptoms. Asking about support services and follow-up care can also be important.
This information is meant to help you understand ovarian cancer but does not replace advice from your healthcare provider. Each person’s situation is unique, so it’s important to discuss your specific diagnosis, treatment options, and risks with your care team. If you see the term ovarian cancer in your medical records or reports, ask your provider what it means for you personally.
If you or a loved one is diagnosed with ovarian cancer or at risk, talk openly with your healthcare team. Learn about treatment options, consider genetic counseling if recommended, and seek support for emotional and practical needs. Early communication and understanding can help you make informed decisions and feel more confident in your care.
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