Rectum

What the Rectum Is and Why It Matters

The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine, located just before the anus, which is the opening where stool leaves your body. Its main job is to store stool until you are ready to have a bowel movement. Because it is the final part of the digestive tract, the rectum plays an important role in controlling when and how stool is passed.

Rectum and Cancer Care

The rectum is a common site for colorectal cancer, which includes cancers that start in the colon or rectum. Often, colorectal cancer begins as small growths called polyps inside the colon or rectum. These polyps can sometimes turn into cancer over time. Finding and removing polyps early through screening tests can help prevent colorectal cancer or catch it at an early stage when treatment is more effective.

Tests Involving the Rectum

Doctors use several tests to look inside the rectum and colon. Colonoscopy is a common procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the anus to view the entire colon and rectum. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is similar but looks only at the rectum and lower colon. Virtual colonoscopy (also called CT colonography) uses special X-rays to create images of the colon and rectum without inserting a scope. These tests help find causes of symptoms like rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, or unexplained weight loss, and are also used for cancer screening.

Common Conditions Related to the Rectum

Besides cancer, the rectum can be affected by other conditions such as hemorrhoids, which are swollen veins around the anus or lower rectum that can cause pain, itching, or bleeding. Anal disorders like fissures (small tears), abscesses, or fistulas (abnormal tunnels) may also cause symptoms. If you notice bleeding from the rectum or persistent symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare provider to find the cause and get appropriate treatment.

Understanding Medical Terms and Reports

You might see the term “rectum” in your medical records, test results, or treatment plans. For example, if your doctor mentions an abdominoperineal resection, this is a surgery that removes the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon, usually to treat cancer in this area. Knowing what the rectum is and its role can help you understand your care better and ask informed questions.

Questions to Ask Your Care Team

If the rectum is mentioned in your care, you might ask: What part of the rectum is affected? What tests will be done to check it? What do the results mean for my health? How will treatment affect bowel function? Are there ways to prevent problems with the rectum, such as cancer or hemorrhoids? Your care team can provide answers tailored to your situation.

Important Notes

This information is meant to help you understand what the rectum is and why it matters in health and cancer care. It does not replace medical advice. If you have symptoms or questions about your rectum or related health issues, talk with your healthcare provider. They can explain what applies to you and guide your care.

Next Steps

If you experience symptoms like rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, or unexplained weight loss, or if you are due for colorectal cancer screening, contact your healthcare provider. Early testing and diagnosis can help find problems sooner and improve treatment options. Learning about the rectum and related tests can empower you to take an active role in your health care.