F Glossary Terms

The F1CDx test (also called FoundationOne CDx test) is a lab test done on a tumor tissue sample. It looks at many genes to find specific changes or markers that might be targeted by certain cancer drugs. This helps doctors decide if a particular treatment could work for a patient’s tumor. The test name may appear in different forms, so it’s helpful to check with your care team about what it means for you.

F511 Cream is a type of antiperspirant used to control excess sweating, especially under the arms, on the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is being studied to help prevent palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, a side effect causing pain, swelling, and redness in the hands and feet of some breast cancer patients receiving certain anticancer drugs. Patients should discuss its use with their care team.

The facial nerve, also called the seventh cranial nerve, carries signals between the brain and the muscles that control facial expressions like smiling and frowning. It also affects some jaw muscles, a small ear muscle, and helps stimulate glands that produce tears and saliva. Because it passes through the parotid gland near the ear, cancers in this area can affect the nerve and cause symptoms like facial weakness or numbness.

Faith-Based or Religious Practices involve spiritual, emotional, or psychological approaches used by some people with cancer to find meaning, reduce fear, process emotions, or support healing in nonphysical ways. These practices are not medical treatments but may be part of how patients cope. It’s important to discuss any such practices with your cancer care team to understand how they fit with your overall care.

Falimarev, also called recombinant fowlpox-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine, is a cancer vaccine made using a harmless chicken virus. It is being studied to help the immune system recognize and attack certain cancer cells. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions, but it is not a diagnosis or standard treatment by itself. Always ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

The fallopian tubes are two thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and are part of the female reproductive system. In cancer care, fallopian tubes are important because cancer can start in their lining, sometimes spreading to nearby organs. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about diagnosis and treatment.

Fallopian tube cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissue lining one of the two fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. It is closely related to ovarian epithelial cancer and is treated similarly. Early signs may be vague or absent, so diagnosis often involves imaging and tests of the pelvic area. Treatment usually includes surgery and may involve chemotherapy.

A false-negative test result happens when a medical test says you do not have a disease or condition, but you actually do. No test is perfect, so some cases can be missed. It’s important to understand this possibility and talk with your care team about what your test results mean for you personally, rather than assuming the test alone gives a full answer.

A false-positive test result means a test shows you have a disease or condition when you actually do not. In cancer care, this can happen with screening or genetic tests. It’s important to talk with your care team about what the result means for you, as more testing may be needed before any diagnosis or treatment decisions.

Fam-Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, also known as Enhertu, is a targeted cancer treatment for adults with certain HER2-positive or HER2-low cancers, including breast, stomach, and some lung cancers. It combines a monoclonal antibody that attaches to HER2 proteins on cancer cells with a chemotherapy drug to help kill those cells. It is used when cancer cannot be removed by surgery or has spread.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition where many polyps form in the colon and rectum. These polyps can turn into colorectal cancer if not treated. People with FAP also have higher risks for other cancers and benign tumors. It is caused by changes in a gene called APC and is passed down in families. Early diagnosis and regular screening are important to manage cancer risk.

Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome (FAMMM Syndrome) is an inherited condition that raises the risk of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. People with this syndrome often have many moles, some of which look unusual in shape, color, or size. It may also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Knowing about FAMMM Syndrome can help guide skin checks and cancer monitoring for affected families.

Familial cancer means cancers that happen more often in certain families than expected by chance. This can be due to inherited gene changes that raise cancer risk or shared lifestyle factors. One example is pleuropulmonary blastoma familial cancer syndrome, a rare inherited condition linked to cancers and cysts in organs like the lung, kidney, thyroid, ovary, and testicle. It’s important to discuss what familial cancer means for each person with the care team.

Familial Diffuse Gastric Cancer (also called HDGC or hereditary diffuse gastric cancer) is a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of a specific type of stomach cancer. It is caused by changes in the CDH1 gene passed down in families. Women with this condition also have a higher chance of developing a certain breast cancer. Understanding this term in your own health context is important, so ask your care team for details.

Familial Dysplastic Nevi is a condition seen in some families where at least two members have unusual moles called dysplastic nevi. These moles look different from common moles and may increase the chance of developing melanoma, a type of skin cancer. If you hear this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for you personally.

Familial Intestinal Gastric Cancer (FIGC) is a rare inherited condition that increases the risk of developing a type of stomach cancer called intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma. This cancer starts in the mucus-producing cells lining the stomach and usually grows and spreads more slowly than other stomach cancers. The specific gene causing FIGC is not yet known. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your personal health.

Familial Isolated Hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) is a rare inherited condition where one or more parathyroid glands produce too much hormone. This causes high calcium levels in the blood and calcium loss from bones. It is important to understand this term in context and discuss with your healthcare team how it applies to your health, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Familial medullary thyroid cancer is a rare inherited form of thyroid cancer that starts in the hormone-producing cells of the thyroid. It occurs without other endocrine tumors and is caused by a genetic change passed down in families. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the thyroid and nearby lymph nodes. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss personalized care with their medical team.

Family Cancer Syndrome, also called hereditary or inherited cancer syndrome, means a higher-than-usual chance of certain cancers running in families due to inherited gene changes. If your personal or family history suggests this, your doctor or genetic counselor may recommend genetic testing to learn more and guide care. It may also appear under related names such as Hereditary Cancer Syndrome, Inherited Cancer Syndrome.

Family history, also called family medical history, is a record of health information about you and your close relatives. It includes illnesses and conditions that run in your family. Knowing your family history can help your healthcare provider understand your risk for certain diseases, including some cancers, and guide decisions about screening and prevention.

Family medical history is a record of health conditions and diseases that have affected your close relatives. Knowing your family history helps doctors understand your risk for certain illnesses, including some cancers, and can guide decisions about screening and prevention. It may also appear under related names such as Family History.

Family therapy is a type of counseling where the whole family meets with a professional to talk about and solve problems together. It focuses on improving communication and relationships within families or couples, helping them support each other through challenges, including those related to illness or stress. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

FAMMM Syndrome (Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome) is an inherited condition that raises the risk of melanoma, a serious skin cancer. People with this syndrome often have many moles, some of which look unusual in shape, color, or size. It may also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Knowing about FAMMM Syndrome can help guide skin checks and cancer monitoring for affected families.

Fanconi anemia is a rare inherited disorder where the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells. It often causes symptoms like frequent infections, easy bruising, and extreme tiredness. People with Fanconi anemia may also have physical differences such as brown skin spots, short height, or malformed thumbs. This condition increases the risk of certain cancers and usually appears in childhood.

Fanconi syndrome is a group of kidney problems where the kidneys lose important substances like protein, sugar, and minerals in the urine. It can be inherited, often seen in infants, or caused by other diseases, vitamin D deficiency, heavy metals, chemicals, or some cancer treatments. Symptoms may include weakness, bone pain, and frequent urination. It’s important to discuss with your care team what this means for you personally.

Classic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition where hundreds to thousands of abnormal growths called polyps develop inside the colon and rectum. These polyps can turn into colorectal cancer if not treated. People with classic FAP have a very high risk of developing colorectal cancer early in life and may also face risks for other cancers and health issues.

Fareston, also known as toremifene citrate, is a hormone therapy drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread in postmenopausal women. It works by blocking estrogen’s effects in breast tissue, which may help slow or stop cancer growth. Fareston is a type of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and may also affect bone health. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug fits their treatment plan.

Faslodex, also known as fulvestrant or ICI 182780, is a hormone therapy drug used mainly to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It works by blocking and helping to remove estrogen receptors on cancer cells, which can slow or stop cancer growth. Faslodex is given as an injection and may be used alone or with other medicines. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment.

Fast Track is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) process that speeds up the development and review of new drugs for serious or life-threatening conditions, like cancer. It helps patients access promising treatments sooner when other options are limited. Understanding Fast Track can help patients ask their care team about how such drugs fit into their treatment and what to expect.

Fast-Neutron Beam Radiation is a type of radiation therapy that uses tiny particles called neutrons, produced by a machine called a cyclotron. It is one of several ways doctors may use radiation to treat cancer. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular treatment or outcome.

Fasting means not eating or drinking for a set time. In cancer care, fasting or fasting-mimicking diets are sometimes explored to support nutrition, metabolism, immune health, or treatment tolerance. Because cancer patients can have special health risks, fasting should only be considered with guidance from your healthcare team who know your diagnosis and treatment plan.

The Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a special eating plan sometimes discussed in cancer care. It aims to support nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. While some talk about it as an alternative cancer treatment, it is important to review this diet with your healthcare team before trying it, as cancer patients have unique health needs and risks.

The Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a special eating plan that imitates fasting while allowing limited food intake. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care to support nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. Because cancer patients have unique health needs, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team before trying FMD to ensure it’s safe and appropriate for you.

Autophagy Support and Fasting-Mimicking Strategies are ways some people try to encourage the body’s natural process of recycling damaged cells, often through fasting or special diets. These approaches are sometimes discussed in cancer care for nutrition or metabolic support but are not standard treatments. Always talk with your healthcare team before trying fasting or diet changes during cancer treatment, as they can carry risks.

Fat necrosis is a harmless condition where fat tissue, often in the breast, is damaged and replaced by scar tissue or a cyst. This can create a firm lump that might feel like a tumor. The skin near the lump may look red, bruised, or dimpled. It often happens after injury, surgery, or radiation. It’s important to discuss what fat necrosis means for you with your care team rather than assuming it is cancer or a treatment plan.

Fat-soluble vitamins are nutrients that dissolve in fats and oils and are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver. These include vitamins A, D, E, and K. In cancer care, they may be discussed as part of nutritional support but are not treatments for cancer. It’s important to use them carefully and always talk with your healthcare team before taking supplements like cod liver oil, which is rich in these vitamins.

Cod liver oil is a supplement rich in fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins support vision, bone health, immune function, and blood clotting. In cancer care, cod liver oil and fat-soluble vitamins may be used to help maintain nutrition and prevent deficiencies but require careful medical guidance due to potential risks like vitamin toxicity and increased bleeding.

Fatigue is an extreme feeling of tiredness and low energy that is common in people with cancer. Unlike normal tiredness, cancer-related fatigue is not fully relieved by rest or sleep and can happen even after little or no activity. It can affect daily life, making it hard to do usual tasks, and may last during and after cancer treatment.

Fatty acids are natural components of fats that the body uses for energy and building tissues. Some fatty acids, like DHA, are being studied combined with cancer drugs such as paclitaxel. Eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, like certain fish, supports overall health. If you see the term fatty acid in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you personally.

Fatty breast tissue is breast tissue made up mostly of fat. On a mammogram, it appears less dense, which can make it easier to spot tumors or other changes. It is more common in older women. Understanding this term is important, but it should always be discussed with your care team to know what it means for your individual health.

Fatty liver disease is a condition where fat builds up in the liver. It often causes no symptoms but can sometimes lead to liver damage. There are two main types: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), common in people with obesity or diabetes, and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), linked to heavy alcohol use. Managing fatty liver disease usually involves lifestyle changes like weight loss or reducing alcohol intake.

FAU, or 1-(2’-Deoxy-2’-Fluoro-β-D-Arabinofuranosyl) Uracil, is an experimental substance studied as a possible treatment for advanced solid tumors and lymphomas. It works by blocking cancer cells from growing and may cause them to die. FAU is not yet approved for routine cancer treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials.

Fazarabine is a type of anticancer drug known as an antimetabolite. Antimetabolites work by interfering with the growth of cancer cells. This term may appear in medical records or treatment discussions. If you see this word, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

The FDA, or Food and Drug Administration, is a U.S. government agency that works to protect public health. It ensures that foods, medicines, medical devices, and other products are safe and properly labeled. The FDA reviews and approves drugs and treatments before they can be used by patients, helping to keep cancer care and other medical treatments safe and effective.

Fdcyd, also known as 5-Fluoro-2-Deoxycytidine or FdCyd, is an experimental drug being studied as a possible treatment for some cancers. It works by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide. Fdcyd is not yet a standard treatment and is mainly available through clinical trials. Patients should talk with their care team to understand if it might be relevant for their care.

A First-Degree Relative (FDR) is a close family member who shares about half of your genes, such as a parent, sibling, or child. This term often appears in medical discussions about family health history, especially related to cancer risk. Understanding who counts as an FDR can help you and your care team assess inherited risks, but it is important to ask how this applies to your personal situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A feasibility study is a small, early research study that helps doctors and researchers decide if a larger clinical trial can be done. It looks at whether the study is practical, how long it might take, what it might cost, and if there are any safety concerns. For patients, it’s important to ask your care team how a feasibility study relates to your care, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Febrile neutropenia is a condition where a person has a fever along with a low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. This condition often happens in people receiving chemotherapy for cancer and can increase the risk of serious infections. It is important to recognize and treat febrile neutropenia promptly to reduce complications.

FEC is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—fluorouracil, epirubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide—commonly used to treat breast cancer, including cases where the cancer has spread or returned. It may also be called the FEC regimen. Understanding what FEC means in your care plan is important, so ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation.

FEC Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—fluorouracil, epirubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide—commonly used to treat breast cancer, including cases where the cancer has spread or returned. It is important to ask your healthcare team how this treatment applies to your specific situation, as the term alone is not a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

The Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) is a simple, at-home screening test that checks for hidden blood in stool, which can be an early sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. It uses antibodies to detect blood protein and helps doctors decide if further testing is needed. FIT is also known by several other names, including iFOBT and immunochemical fecal occult blood test.

Fecal impaction is a condition where a large, hard mass of stool gets stuck in the colon or rectum and cannot be passed naturally. It often happens after long-term constipation and can cause pain, nausea, and difficulty having bowel movements. Treatment usually involves softening the stool with enemas. If untreated, fecal impaction can lead to serious problems requiring urgent medical care.

Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements, leading to accidental leakage of stool or gas. It can cause skin irritation, infections, and affect quality of life. Causes include nerve or muscle damage, such as from childbirth or surgery. If you notice loss of bowel control, talk with your healthcare team for support and treatment options.

Fecal Microbiome Nutrition Support Diets are special eating plans aimed at supporting the gut microbiome in people with cancer. These diets are discussed for helping with nutrition, digestion, inflammation, immune health, and how well patients tolerate cancer treatments. While some sources suggest benefits, strong claims about curing cancer or replacing standard treatments are not proven and should be viewed cautiously.

A Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) is a simple test that checks for hidden blood in stool, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. There are different types of FOBTs, including the older guaiac test and the newer fecal immunochemical test (FIT). These tests help doctors decide if further exams, like a colonoscopy, are needed.

Fecal transplant, also called fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or stool transplant, is a medical procedure that transfers healthy bacteria from a donor’s stool into a patient’s gut. It is mainly used to treat infections like Clostridioides difficile (CDI) that don’t respond to antibiotics. Research also explores its use for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia, but it remains a specialized treatment with some risks.

Feces, also called stool, is the waste material passed from the intestines during a bowel movement. It contains undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the intestinal lining. Stool tests can check for hidden blood, which may signal colorectal cancer or other conditions like hemorrhoids. Patients collect stool samples at home using kits that are sent to a lab for testing.

Fedratinib hydrochloride, also known as Inrebic, is a medicine approved to treat adults with certain types of myelofibrosis, a bone marrow disease. It works by blocking proteins that help abnormal blood cells grow. Fedratinib is taken by mouth and is used for intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis and myelofibrosis that develops after other blood disorders.

Femara is the brand name for letrozole, a hormone therapy drug used mainly to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It works by lowering estrogen levels in the body, which can help stop or slow the growth of cancer cells that need estrogen to grow. Femara is an aromatase inhibitor and is approved by the FDA for breast cancer treatment.

Fenbendazole is a drug originally used to treat parasites in animals. Some patients and communities discuss it in relation to cancer for possible effects on immune function, inflammation, metabolism, and direct anticancer activity. It is not an approved cancer treatment, and evidence is limited and early. Patients should always consult their healthcare team before considering fenbendazole in cancer care.

Fenofibrate is a medication mainly used to lower high cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. It is also known by brand names like Lofibra and Tricor. Researchers are studying fenofibrate for possible use in treating advanced cancers in young patients and other health conditions. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Fenretinide is a substance related to vitamin A that is being studied as a possible treatment for some cancers. It may work by causing a wax-like substance called ceramide to build up in tumor cells, which can help kill them. Fenretinide is not a standard treatment yet, and its use depends on individual medical advice and ongoing research.

Fenretinide LXS (also called Fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb) is a powdered form of fenretinide, a substance related to vitamin A. It is being studied as a possible treatment for neuroblastoma and may help kill tumor cells by causing a wax-like substance called ceramide to build up inside them. Fenretinide LXS may be easier for the body to absorb than pill forms. Always ask your care team how this term applies to your situation.

Fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb (Fenretinide LXS) is a powdered form of fenretinide, a substance related to vitamin A. It is being studied as a possible treatment for neuroblastoma and other cancers. Fenretinide may help kill tumor cells by causing a wax-like substance called ceramide to build up inside them. This form may be easier for the body to absorb than pill forms. Always ask your care team how this term applies to your situation.

Fentanyl citrate, also known as Actiq, is a very strong opioid medicine used to treat severe pain in people with cancer or after surgery when other pain medicines have not worked well. It works by blocking pain signals in the nervous system. Because it is powerful, it must be used exactly as prescribed to avoid serious side effects and dependence.

Fentanyl Sublingual Spray is a medicine sprayed under the tongue that quickly enters the bloodstream. It is a type of opioid pain medicine studied to help cancer patients manage breakthrough pain—pain that happens even when other pain medicines are being used. Patients should always talk with their care team about how this medicine might fit into their own treatment.

Ferguson-Smith Syndrome, also called MSSE or Multiple Self-Healing Squamous Epithelioma, is a rare inherited condition caused by changes in the TGFBR1 gene. It leads to many fast-growing skin tumors that look like squamous cell skin cancer, often appearing on the nose, face, ears, arms, and legs. These tumors usually heal on their own but can leave deep scars. Understanding this term in context is important for patients and caregivers.

Fermented foods, also called traditional cultured foods, are foods made by using natural bacteria or yeast to change sugars into acids or alcohol. In cancer care, these foods may be discussed for reasons like supporting nutrition, easing symptoms, helping recovery, or boosting quality of life. They are not proven cancer treatments, so it’s important to talk with your healthcare team before adding them during cancer treatment.

Fermented foods, also called traditional cultured foods, are made by natural bacteria or yeast turning sugars into acids or alcohol. In cancer care, they may be discussed to support nutrition, ease symptoms, help recovery, or improve quality of life. They are not proven cancer treatments. It’s important to talk with your healthcare team before adding fermented foods during cancer treatment, especially if your immune system or organs are affected.

Ferritin is a protein in the body that stores iron safely inside cells, mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Measuring ferritin levels in the blood can help doctors understand how much iron is stored in the body. It is important to discuss what ferritin results mean with your care team, as the term alone does not provide a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ferrlecit, also known as sodium ferric gluconate, is an iron-containing medication used to treat anemia caused by low iron levels in the blood. It is often given through a vein (intravenously) to help increase red blood cell counts. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans related to anemia management. Always ask your care team how Ferrlecit applies to your specific situation.

Ferrous sulfate is a form of iron used as a dietary supplement to treat or prevent anemia caused by low iron levels in the blood. Anemia means having fewer red blood cells than normal, which can cause tiredness and weakness. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Fertile means being able to have children. In cancer care, treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy can affect fertility differently. Some women with breast cancer may safely pause hormone therapy to try to become pregnant. Doctors may use tests like AMH to check ovarian function or sperm tests to understand fertility before, during, or after treatment.

Fertility is the ability to have children. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy can affect fertility in different ways. Some treatments may lower fertility temporarily or permanently. Talking with your health care team about fertility before, during, and after cancer treatment can help you understand your options for preserving fertility and planning for the future.

Fertility preservation includes medical procedures done before cancer treatments that might harm your ability to have children. These options help protect your chance to have biological children later. Common methods include sperm banking for males and egg or embryo freezing for females. Talk with your care team early to understand how fertility preservation might fit your personal situation and treatment plan.

A fertility specialist is a doctor trained to help people who have trouble conceiving or carrying a pregnancy. They use treatments like surgery, medications, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Fertility specialists also help preserve fertility before cancer treatments that might affect the ability to have children in the future.

Ferumoxtran-10 is a tiny iron-based substance injected into the blood to help improve MRI scans. It collects in lymph nodes and other tissues, making it easier to see areas where cancer might have spread. It is still being studied and is not a treatment by itself. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their own care.

Ferumoxytol is a laboratory-made form of iron given through a vein to treat anemia, especially in people with chronic kidney disease. It is also being studied as a substance that helps improve MRI scans by making certain tissues easier to see. Patients should discuss with their care team how ferumoxytol might relate to their own health or treatment, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or therapy.

Fetal refers to anything related to a fetus, which is an unborn baby developing inside the womb. In humans, the fetal stage starts about nine weeks after fertilization and continues until birth. Understanding the fetal period is important during pregnancy, especially if cancer treatment is involved, to help protect the developing baby and guide care decisions.

A fetus is an unborn baby developing inside the uterus, starting about nine weeks after fertilization until birth. In cancer care, pregnancy and fetal health are important considerations because some cancer treatments can harm a developing fetus or affect fertility. Patients should discuss birth control and pregnancy risks with their care team to understand how the term applies to their situation.

Fever is when your body temperature rises above normal, often as a sign your body is fighting an infection or illness. In cancer care, fever can happen due to the disease itself, its treatment, or infections. Managing fever with medicines like acetaminophen can help you feel more comfortable, but fever is a symptom, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Always talk with your care team about what fever means for you.

Fever Therapy refers to a group of cancer treatments that use controlled heat, including local, regional, or whole-body heating, often combined with radiation or chemotherapy. These treatments aim to damage cancer cells directly or help the immune system respond better. Fever Therapy is carefully monitored by healthcare professionals and is different from natural fevers or home sauna use.

Fexofenadine, also known by the brand name Allegra, is a medicine that helps relieve allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose. It is not a cancer treatment but may be used by people with cancer to manage allergy symptoms or side effects from other medicines during their care.

The FGFR1 gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth, division, and development. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR1 protein to become overactive, which may lead to cells growing too quickly or uncontrollably. Such changes have been found in some genetic conditions and certain cancers. The FGFR1 gene may also be called the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene in medical reports or discussions.

The FGFR2 gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth, bone development, and wound healing. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR2 protein to become overactive, which may lead to certain bone disorders, genetic conditions, and some cancers. The FGFR2 gene is sometimes called the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene, so checking the exact name in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

The FGFR3 gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth and bone development. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR3 protein to become overactive, which is linked to some bone disorders, genetic conditions, and certain cancers. Testing for FGFR3 gene changes can help guide treatment decisions, especially for some bladder and urinary tract cancers.

The FH gene, also called the fumarate hydratase gene, makes an enzyme that helps cells use oxygen and produce energy. Changes (mutations) in this gene can affect how cells grow and may increase the risk of certain inherited cancers, including kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus. If the FH gene is mentioned in your medical information, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for you personally.

Fiber is a type of carbohydrate found in plant foods that the body cannot digest. Eating foods rich in fiber may help with weight management and reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand fiber in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual health, rather than seeing it as a treatment or diagnosis by itself.

Fiberoptic refers to thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic that carry light. In medicine, fiberoptic tools help doctors see inside the body and can deliver laser light to treat tumors. If you see this term in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your situation, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Fibrin is a protein that helps blood form clots to stop bleeding and heal wounds. In cancer care, doctors may talk about fibrin when managing bleeding risks, especially if tumors or treatments affect blood vessels. Sometimes, medicines called antifibrinolytic agents are used to help blood clot better by protecting fibrin. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Fibrin sealant is a surgical glue made from proteins found in human blood that helps form clots to stop bleeding and support wound healing. It is being studied to improve healing after lymph node removal in cancer patients. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment, as it is not a diagnosis or a treatment plan by itself.

Fibrinogen is a protein made by the liver that helps blood form clots to stop bleeding and heal wounds. It is also a tumor marker, meaning its levels can change in cancer and other conditions. High fibrinogen levels may be linked to blood clotting problems and inflammation. Understanding fibrinogen in your medical tests is important, but it should always be discussed with your care team to know what it means for you.

A fibroadenoma is a common, noncancerous breast lump made of fibrous and glandular tissue. It usually feels firm, round, and moves easily under the skin. Most fibroadenomas do not increase breast cancer risk. A complex fibroadenoma has additional features like cysts or calcifications and may slightly raise breast cancer risk. Patients should discuss what this means for their care with their healthcare team.

Fibroblasts are common cells in connective tissue that help make collagen and support wound healing. In some cancers and genetic conditions, changes in related genes can cause fibroblast proteins to become overactive. Understanding fibroblasts and their role can help patients and caregivers better discuss diagnosis, treatment options, and follow-up care with their healthcare team.

The FGFR1 gene makes a protein that helps control how cells grow, divide, and develop. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR1 protein to become overactive, which may lead to cells growing too quickly or uncontrollably. Such changes have been found in some genetic conditions and certain types of cancer. The gene may be called FGFR1 or fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene in medical reports.

The FGFR2 gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth, bone development, and wound healing. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR2 protein to become overactive, which may lead to certain bone disorders, genetic conditions, and some cancers. The FGFR2 gene is sometimes called the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene, so checking the exact name in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

The FGFR3 gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth and bone development. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause the FGFR3 protein to become overactive, which is linked to some bone disorders, genetic conditions, and certain cancers. Testing for FGFR3 gene changes can help guide treatment decisions, especially for some bladder and urinary tract cancers.

Fibrocystic breast changes are common, non-cancerous changes in breast tissue that can cause lumpiness, thickening, swelling, and tenderness, often linked to the menstrual cycle. These changes are most common in younger women and usually improve after menopause. While they can cause discomfort, fibrocystic breasts do not increase breast cancer risk but may sometimes need evaluation to rule out other conditions.

Fibrocystic breasts, also called fibrocystic breast changes, are common, non-cancerous changes in breast tissue. They often cause lumpiness, thickening, swelling, and tenderness, especially before a menstrual period. These changes are most common in younger women and usually improve after menopause. While they can cause discomfort, fibrocystic breasts do not increase the risk of breast cancer.

Fibrofolliculomas are small, non-cancerous skin bumps that often appear on the face, neck, and chest. They commonly occur in people with a rare inherited condition called Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, which also increases the risk of kidney tumors and lung problems. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for you or your loved one.

Fibroglandular breast tissue is breast tissue made up of fibrous connective tissue and glandular tissue, such as milk ducts and lobules. It often appears dense on a mammogram, which can make it harder to spot breast cancer or other changes. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their individual situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment decision.

Fibroids, also called leiomyomas, are noncancerous growths made of muscle tissue that usually develop in the uterus. Many women have fibroids without symptoms, but some may experience heavy periods, pelvic pain, or pressure. Fibroids can vary in size and number, and sometimes they grow large enough to look like pregnancy. Treatment depends on symptoms and may not be needed if fibroids cause no problems.

Fibromatosis is a condition where fibromas—usually noncancerous tumors—develop in connective tissue. These growths can be locally aggressive, meaning they may grow into nearby tissues and cause symptoms, but they do not spread to distant parts of the body. Understanding fibromatosis helps patients and caregivers recognize why monitoring or treatment might be needed and how it differs from cancer.

Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in fibrous connective tissue, the strong tissue that supports and connects muscles, bones, and organs. It can develop in many parts of the body and may behave differently in each person. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare team.

Fibrosis is the growth of fibrous or scar-like tissue in the body, often as a response to injury or inflammation. In breast health, breast fibrosis describes benign (non-cancerous) changes in breast tissue that can feel like lumps but do not increase cancer risk. Understanding fibrosis helps patients recognize it as a tissue change, not a cancer diagnosis, and encourages discussing its meaning with healthcare providers.

Fibrous refers to tissue made up of strong, thread-like fibers that support and connect parts of the body. In cancer care, the term often appears in relation to adult-type fibrosarcoma, a rare cancer starting in fibrous connective tissue. It’s important to understand fibrous in context and ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment, rather than treating the word alone as a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Fibrous connective tissue, also called dense connective tissue, is a strong, supportive tissue made mostly of tough protein fibers. It helps hold muscles, bones, and organs in place. Some rare cancers, like adult-type fibrosarcoma, start in this tissue. Understanding this term can help you follow medical reports and treatment plans related to these cancers or other growths in connective tissue.

Fiducial markers are tiny objects, often made of gold, placed in or near a tumor to help doctors see exactly where it is during imaging or treatment. They act as reference points that guide precise radiation therapy or surgery, helping to target the tumor while protecting healthy tissue. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific care plan.

The fifth cranial nerve, also called the trigeminal nerve, is a major nerve in the head that controls feeling in the face and movement of the muscles used for chewing. In cancer care, this nerve may be mentioned when tumors affect areas near the face, jaw, or head. Understanding its role can help patients and caregivers ask questions about symptoms and treatment effects.

Familial Intestinal Gastric Cancer (FIGC) is a rare inherited condition that increases the risk of a type of stomach cancer called intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma. This cancer starts in the mucus-producing cells lining the stomach and usually grows and spreads more slowly than other stomach cancers. The specific gene causing FIGC is not yet known. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your personal health.

Fight-or-flight syndrome is the body’s natural response to stress or danger. It triggers the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, causing changes such as faster heartbeat, quicker breathing, and increased alertness. This reaction helps a person prepare to either face a threat or escape from it. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their specific situation.

An FIH Study, or First-In-Human Study, is a type of clinical trial where a new drug, treatment, or procedure is tested in people for the very first time. These studies happen after laboratory and animal testing and are usually part of early-phase (phase I) trials. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Familial Isolated Hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) is a rare inherited condition where one or more small parathyroid glands produce too much hormone. This causes high calcium levels in the blood and calcium loss from bones. It’s important to understand FIHP in context and discuss with your healthcare team how it relates to your health, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Filgrastim is a medicine that helps the body make more white blood cells, especially neutrophils, which fight infection. It is often used for people with cancer who have low white blood cell counts caused by chemotherapy or other treatments. Filgrastim may also be called G-CSF or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. It is given by injection and helps reduce the risk of infections during treatment.

Filgrastim-SD/01 is a medicine used to help prevent infections in adults and children who have low white blood cell counts caused by certain chemotherapy treatments. It helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells and stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. It is also known by brand names like Fulphila, Neulasta, Nyvepria, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.

In medicine, a filler is an inactive substance added to a medicine to make it easier to handle or larger in size. For example, fillers help form pills or capsules when the active drug amount is very small. Fillers do not treat cancer or symptoms but support the medicine’s form. If you see the word “filler” in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your treatment.

Film mammography, also called conventional mammography, is a breast imaging test that uses low-dose X-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast. The images are stored on X-ray film. It helps detect breast cancer and other breast changes like lumps, cysts, or calcium deposits. This test is commonly used for breast cancer screening and diagnosis.

A filter is a device or material that lets certain substances pass through while blocking others. In medicine, filters can be used to remove harmful substances from the blood or to catch blood clots before they reach the lungs, helping prevent serious conditions like pulmonary embolism (PE). This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Financial burden refers to the problems a patient may face because of the cost of medical care. This can include paying for treatments, medications, and other health services that insurance might not fully cover. Financial burden can affect a patient’s quality of life and may lead to stress, debt, or avoiding needed care. It is sometimes called financial distress, financial toxicity, or economic hardship.

Financial distress refers to the money problems a person may face because of the costs of medical care. This includes expenses not covered by insurance, like copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. It can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. People with cancer often experience financial distress due to the high and ongoing costs of care. Other names for this include economic burden, financial hardship, financial stress, and financial toxicity.

Financial hardship refers to the money problems a person may face because of the cost of medical care. This includes expenses not covered by insurance, like copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. It can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. People with cancer often experience financial hardship due to the high and ongoing costs of care. Other names for this include economic burden, financial distress, financial stress, and financial toxicity.

A financial navigator is a person who helps patients and their families understand and manage the costs of medical care, including cancer treatment. They assist with insurance questions, payment plans, and finding ways to reduce expenses. This support aims to ease the financial stress that can come with medical care. Patients should ask their care team how a financial navigator might help in their specific situation.

Financial stress refers to the money problems a person may face because of the cost of medical care. It includes expenses not covered by insurance, like copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. This stress can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. It is also called economic burden, financial hardship, financial distress, or financial toxicity.

Financial toxicity refers to the financial problems a person may face because of the cost of medical care. This includes expenses not covered by insurance, such as copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. It can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. People with cancer are more likely to experience financial toxicity due to the high and ongoing costs of cancer care. It is also called financial burden, financial distress, or economic hardship.

Finasteride is a medication that lowers male hormone levels, mainly used to treat enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and male pattern hair loss. It may reduce the risk of some prostate cancers but can have side effects like sexual problems, testicular pain, and rarely, mood changes including suicidal thoughts. Patients should discuss with their care team how finasteride might affect their health and treatment.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA biopsy) is a safe, minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin needle to remove cells or fluid from a lump or mass for examination under a microscope. It helps doctors diagnose or monitor conditions like cancer without surgery. It is different from a core biopsy, which uses a wider needle to collect a larger tissue sample.

Firmagon, also known as degarelix acetate, is a hormonal therapy drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer. It works by blocking signals in the brain that tell the testicles to produce testosterone, a hormone that some prostate cancers need to grow. By lowering testosterone levels, Firmagon may help slow or stop cancer growth. It is given as an injection and may appear under different names in medical records or reports.

A first-degree relative (FDR) is a close family member who shares about half of your genes, such as a parent, sibling, or child. This term often appears in medical discussions about family health history, especially when assessing risks for diseases like cancer. Understanding who counts as an FDR can help you and your care team better understand inherited risks, but it is important to ask how it applies to your personal health.

A First-In-Human (FIH) Study is a type of clinical trial where a new drug, treatment, or procedure is tested in people for the very first time. These studies happen after laboratory and animal testing and are usually part of early-phase (phase I) trials focused on safety and dosage. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific care.

First-Line Therapy is the first treatment given for a disease, often considered the best or standard approach. It may also be called induction therapy, primary therapy, or primary treatment. This initial treatment can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination. If it doesn’t work or causes serious side effects, other treatments may be tried instead. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) is a lab test that uses special glowing pieces of DNA to look closely at genes or chromosomes in cells. It helps doctors find changes in genes that may be important for diagnosing cancer or planning treatment. If you see FISH mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

A fistula is an abnormal tunnel or opening that connects two organs or an organ to the skin. It can happen because of injury, infection, inflammation, or surgery. In cancer care, fistulas may affect treatment and nutrition, especially if they involve the digestive tract. Understanding what a fistula means in your care can help you ask the right questions and manage symptoms effectively.

FIT, or fecal immunochemical test, is a simple stool test that checks for hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions. It uses antibodies to detect blood protein and is often used for colorectal cancer screening. Patients collect a small stool sample at home and send it to a lab for analysis. FIT is one of several approved tests to help find colorectal cancer early.

Five Element Acupuncture is an ancient acupuncture method based on five universal elements—wood, fire, earth, metal, and water—that are believed to influence a person’s emotions, personality, and health. It is sometimes called Traditional Acupuncture. This approach is used by some patients to help manage symptoms, but it is important to understand it in context and discuss its role with your healthcare team.

The five-year survival rate is the percentage of people who are still alive five years after being diagnosed with or starting treatment for a disease like cancer. It helps show how a group of patients has done over time but doesn’t predict what will happen for any one person. It’s important to discuss what this rate means with your care team to understand how it applies to your unique situation.

FK463 is a medication that acts as both an antibiotic and antifungal drug. It is used to treat infections, which can be especially important for people with cancer who may have weakened immune systems. Understanding FK463 can help patients and caregivers recognize its role in managing infections during cancer care.

Flagyl, also known as metronidazole, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medicine used to treat certain infections. It can appear under different names, so it’s important to understand it in context. Flagyl is sometimes discussed in cancer care, especially related to infections or research on radiation treatment. Patients should always ask their care team how this medicine relates to their specific situation.

Flavonoids are natural substances found in many plants and plant-based foods. They have antioxidant properties but are not considered essential nutrients or proven cancer treatments. Patients should talk with their cancer care team before using supplements containing flavonoids, like bee pollen, to avoid possible interactions or side effects. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Flavopereirine is a natural chemical found in the Pao Pereira plant extract, which is discussed in alternative cancer care circles. It is part of the Beljanski Protocol, a set of botanical products promoted for potential effects on cancer cells. However, scientific evidence supporting its safety and effectiveness in humans is limited and not established by mainstream medicine.

Flavopiridol, also called alvocidib or HMR 1275, is a drug being studied to treat certain cancers. It works by blocking proteins that cancer cells need to grow and divide. While it is not yet a standard treatment, flavopiridol is being tested in clinical trials, especially for blood cancers like acute myeloid leukemia. Patients may hear about it during discussions of new or experimental therapies.

Flaxseed, also called linseed, is the seed of the flax plant and is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and lignans. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its nutritional benefits or as part of alternative diets. Patients should always talk with their care team before using flaxseed or related diets to understand safety, possible interactions, and how it fits with their treatment plan.

Flaxseed-Based Diets involve eating flaxseed or flaxseed oil as part of nutrition plans discussed in cancer care. These diets are sometimes considered for supporting nutrition, digestion, inflammation, immune health, or treatment tolerance. However, they are not proven cancer treatments. Patients should always talk with their care team about whether such diets are safe and suitable for their individual situation.

The FLCN gene, also called the folliculin gene, helps control cell growth. Changes (mutations) in this gene can lead to a rare inherited condition called Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, which raises the risk of kidney tumors, skin bumps, and lung cysts. People with certain family histories of kidney cancer may be offered genetic counseling and testing for FLCN mutations to guide care and monitoring.

Flecainide is a medication used to treat certain fast heart rhythms, including types of supraventricular tachycardias like AV nodal reentrant tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It helps control abnormal heartbeats but carries risks, so it’s important to understand how it applies to each person’s situation by discussing it with the healthcare team.

Flomax, also known as tamsulosin hydrochloride, is a medication that helps relax muscles in the prostate and bladder to improve urine flow. It is commonly used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A flow chart (also called a flow sheet) is a diagram that shows the order of steps in a process. In cancer care, it helps explain complex procedures or treatment plans by visually connecting each step. Patients and caregivers should always ask their care team how a flow chart applies to their specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Flow cytometry is a lab test that measures and analyzes cells in blood, bone marrow, or tissue. It helps doctors count cells, check their size and shape, and detect markers on their surface. This test is often used to diagnose and manage cancers like leukemia. For patients, it’s important to understand flow cytometry results in the context of their overall care and to ask their healthcare team how it applies to their specific situation.

A flow sheet, also called a flow chart, is a simple diagram that shows the order of steps in a process. In cancer care, it helps explain complex procedures or treatment plans by visually connecting each step. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team how a flow sheet applies to their personal situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Floxuridine is a cancer treatment drug that belongs to a group called antimetabolites. It is often used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to the liver, and sometimes kidney or stomach cancers. It works by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide. Patients should discuss with their care team how floxuridine fits into their specific treatment plan.

The FLT3 gene makes a protein important for blood cell growth. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause certain leukemias, like acute myeloid leukemia (AML), to grow faster. Some treatments target these FLT3 mutations to help control the cancer. If you hear about the FLT3 gene, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Flt3L is a protein that helps increase certain immune cells important for fighting infections and cancer. It is being studied as part of a treatment approach called an in situ vaccine, which combines Flt3L with local radiation and other immune stimulators to activate immune cells inside tumors, especially in some types of lymphoma. Patients should ask their care team how Flt3L relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Flu-like symptoms are a group of common signs that resemble those caused by the flu virus. These symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, runny nose, fatigue, nausea, and sometimes vomiting or diarrhea. They can result from viral infections, other illnesses, or side effects of certain cancer treatments, especially immunotherapy. These symptoms usually go away on their own and are often a sign your immune system is active.

Flu-like syndrome, also called flu-like symptoms, is a group of common signs that resemble the flu. These include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, runny nose, fatigue, nausea, and sometimes vomiting or diarrhea. These symptoms can come from viral infections, other illnesses, or side effects of some cancer treatments, especially immunotherapy. They usually go away on their own and often show the immune system is active.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medicine used to treat and prevent fungal infections. It is often given by mouth and is preferred for infections that need treatment throughout the body. In cancer care, it helps protect patients with weakened immune systems from fungal infections. It is important to discuss with your care team how fluconazole fits into your treatment plan and to be aware of possible side effects and drug interactions.

Flucytosine is a medicine used to treat serious fungal infections, often in combination with other antifungal drugs. It can be given by mouth or through a vein. While it is not a cancer treatment, it may be used in people with weakened immune systems, including some cancer patients, to help fight fungal infections. Flucytosine requires careful medical monitoring due to possible side effects.

Fludarabine phosphate is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat adults with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It works by stopping cancer cells from making DNA, which may help kill them. It can be given alone or with other drugs and is also being studied for other cancers. Patients should talk with their care team about how this drug fits their treatment plan.

Fludrocortisone is a synthetic steroid medicine that replaces hormones normally made by the adrenal glands. In cancer care, it is mainly used in critical care settings to support patients who develop serious infections like neutropenic sepsis or septic shock during treatment. It is not a treatment for cancer itself. Patients should always ask their care team how fludrocortisone applies to their individual situation.

Fluid is a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container, including liquids and gases. In cancer care, fluid samples from the body—such as joint fluid, breast cyst fluid, or spinal fluid—may be tested to help diagnose conditions, monitor treatment, or check for infections or cancer-related changes. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The Fluid Deprivation Test, also called the Water Deprivation Test, measures how much urine a person produces and how concentrated it becomes when they do not drink fluids for a set time. It helps doctors check kidney function and diagnose conditions like diabetes insipidus, which causes excessive thirst and urine output. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Fluid Replacement Therapy is a treatment used to restore fluids lost from the body due to surgery, injury, dehydration, illness, or other causes. It helps maintain the balance of water and electrolytes, which is important for overall health. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a standalone treatment.

Fluorescein angiography is a test that uses a special dye and camera to look at the blood vessels in the back of the eye. It helps doctors find damaged, blocked, or leaking vessels, swelling in the retina, and eye problems like macular degeneration or a rare eye cancer called intraocular melanoma. The test involves injecting a yellow dye into a vein and taking pictures as the dye moves through the eye’s blood vessels.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a lab test that uses glowing pieces of DNA to look closely at genes or chromosomes in cells. It helps doctors find changes in genes that may be important for diagnosing cancer or planning treatment. If you see FISH mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

Fluorescence microscopy is a special type of microscope that uses fluorescent light to see specific parts of cells or tissues. Scientists add fluorescent dyes or proteins to samples, which glow under certain lights, helping to highlight molecules like proteins or DNA. This technique is important in research and diagnosis but is not a treatment or diagnosis by itself. Always ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Fluorescence-guided surgery is a technique being studied mainly for certain brain tumors. It uses a special substance that makes tumor cells glow under blue light during surgery. This helps surgeons see the edges of the tumor more clearly, aiming to remove as much tumor as possible while protecting healthy brain tissue. Patients should discuss with their care team how this approach might apply to their specific situation.

Fluoride is a natural mineral that helps prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel. It is found in drinking water, toothpaste, and some dental treatments. Getting enough fluoride is important for protecting teeth, especially for people with dry mouth or those undergoing certain cancer treatments that affect saliva. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Fluorine F 18-16 Alpha-Fluoroestradiol (also called 18F-FES) is a special radioactive substance used in PET scans to find breast cancer cells that have estrogen receptors. It helps doctors see where hormone-sensitive cancer cells are in the body, which can guide treatment decisions, especially about hormone therapy. It may also appear under related names such as 18F-16 Alpha-Fluoroestradiol, 18F-FES.

Fluorine F 18-EF5, also called 18F-EF5, is a radioactive tracer used in special PET scans to find cancer cells with low oxygen levels. This imaging helps doctors understand how a tumor might respond to treatment. It is still being studied and is not a routine test for all cancer patients. If mentioned, ask your care team how it relates to your care and what to expect.

Fluorine F 18-FEQA is a radioactive substance used in special imaging tests called PET scans. It attaches to a protein called EGFR found on some cancer cells. This helps doctors see where certain cancers are in the body and how they respond to treatment. It is still being studied and is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Fluorine F 18-Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) is a radioactive sugar used in PET scans to help find cancer and other abnormal cells. Cancer cells often absorb more FDG than normal cells, making them visible on the scan. This helps doctors locate tumors, see if cancer has spread, and sometimes check how well treatment is working.

Fluorine F 18-Fluoromethylcholine (also called 18F-Choline or 18F-FMCH) is a radioactive substance used in PET scans to help find certain cancers. Cancer cells absorb more of this tracer than normal cells, making it easier for doctors to see where cancer might be in the body. It is still being studied and is not yet a standard test for all cancers.

Fluorine F 18-Fluoromisonidazole (also called 18F-MISO or FMISO) is a radioactive tracer used in special PET scans to find cancer cells with low oxygen levels. These low-oxygen areas, called hypoxia, can make tumors harder to treat. This imaging helps doctors see where hypoxia exists in tumors, which may guide treatment choices and provide information about how the cancer might behave.

Fluorine F 18-Fluorothymidine (also called 18F-FLT) is a radioactive substance used in special imaging tests to help find and study cancer. It is injected into the bloodstream and collects in cells that are actively dividing, including cancer cells. During a PET scan, it helps create detailed pictures of tumors. This test is still being studied and is not yet a routine part of cancer care.

Fluorine F 18-Sodium Fluoride PET (also called 18F-NaF PET) is a special bone scan that helps doctors check if cancer has spread to the bones. It uses a small injection of a safe radioactive substance that collects more in bones affected by cancer. A PET scanner then creates detailed images to guide diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Fluoroplex is a cream containing the chemotherapy drug fluorouracil (5-FU). It is used to treat actinic keratosis, a skin condition that can sometimes develop into cancer. Fluoroplex works by stopping cells from making DNA, which may kill abnormal or cancerous skin cells. It is one of several brand names for topical 5-FU and is applied directly to the skin under a healthcare provider’s guidance.

Fluoropyrimidines are a group of cancer-fighting drugs that belong to a class called antimetabolites. They include medicines like capecitabine, floxuridine, and fluorouracil (5-FU). These drugs work by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide. Fluoropyrimidines are often used in chemotherapy to treat various cancers, including stomach and colorectal cancers.

Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. In cancer care, drugs like Avelox or Cipro may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections when the immune system is weakened by treatments such as chemotherapy. These antibiotics help manage infections but are not cancer treatments themselves. They can have serious side effects, so it’s important to discuss their use with your healthcare team.

A fluoroscope is an X-ray machine that shows moving images of the inside of the body in real time. Historically, a special type called a shoe-fitting fluoroscope was used in shoe stores from the 1920s to the 1970s to see how shoes fit on feet. Today, fluoroscopy helps doctors watch organs and guide treatments, but the old shoe-fitting devices are no longer used due to radiation safety concerns.

Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging test that uses X-rays to create real-time moving pictures of the inside of the body. It helps doctors see how organs work and guides procedures. In cancer care, fluoroscopy can help find tumors, check if cancer has spread, or monitor treatment. It involves some radiation, but modern machines limit exposure. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Fluorouracil, also called 5-FU, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat several cancers including breast, colon, rectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers. It can be given as an injection or applied as a cream for certain skin conditions like actinic keratosis and some types of basal cell skin cancer. It works by blocking cancer cells from making DNA, which they need to grow and divide.

Fluoxetine is a commonly used antidepressant medicine that helps treat depression and some anxiety disorders. It belongs to a group called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Fluoxetine is taken by mouth and may be part of care for patients experiencing mood changes during or after cancer treatment. It is important to discuss with your healthcare team how fluoxetine fits your personal treatment plan and to understand possible side effects and interactions.

Fluphenazine hydrochloride is a drug mainly used to treat mental health conditions. It is being studied for use in multiple myeloma, a type of cancer, because it may help stop cancer cells from growing and cause them to die. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug might relate to their treatment, rather than assuming it is a standard cancer therapy.

Flutamide is a medicine used mainly to treat prostate cancer. It works by blocking male hormone signals that can help cancer cells grow. It is often given with other hormone therapies. Flutamide may cause side effects like breast tenderness or liver changes. Patients should talk with their care team about how flutamide fits into their treatment plan and what to expect.

Fluvoxamine (brand name Luvox) is a medication mainly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and some anxiety disorders. It belongs to a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Patients may see this term in medical notes or treatment discussions. It’s important to understand fluvoxamine in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation, rather than assuming it is a cancer treatment or diagnosis.

The Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a special eating plan that imitates fasting by providing limited calories and specific nutrients. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care to support nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. Because cancer patients have unique health needs, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team before trying FMD to ensure it’s safe and appropriate for you.

FMISO (also called 18F-Fluoromisonidazole or 18F-MISO) is a radioactive tracer used in special PET scans to find cancer cells with low oxygen levels, known as hypoxia. These low-oxygen areas can make tumors harder to treat. FMISO imaging helps doctors see where hypoxia exists in tumors, which may guide treatment choices and provide information about how the cancer might behave.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA biopsy) is a safe, minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin needle to remove cells or fluid from a lump or mass. The sample is examined under a microscope to help doctors diagnose or monitor conditions like cancer without surgery. It is commonly used for lumps in the neck, thyroid, lungs, or bone marrow.

FOBT, or Fecal Occult Blood Test, is a simple test that checks for hidden blood in stool, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. It involves collecting a small stool sample at home or in a clinic and sending it to a lab for analysis. FOBT helps doctors decide if further testing is needed to find the cause of bleeding.

In medical terms, "focal" means something is limited to a specific, well-defined area. For example, a focal tumor is one that is confined to one spot rather than spread out. If you see this word in your medical records or hear it from your care team, it’s important to ask how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it describes your entire condition or treatment.

Folate, also called folic acid, is a type of vitamin B9 found naturally in foods like green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. It helps the body make red blood cells and DNA. Eating foods rich in folate may lower the risk of some cancers, like colorectal cancer. However, taking high doses of folic acid supplements has mixed effects and might increase the risk of prostate cancer in some men. Folate is important for overall health and is used to treat.

Folate antagonists, also called antifolates or folic acid antagonists, are medicines that block cells from using folic acid, a vitamin needed to make DNA. By interfering with this process, these drugs can slow or stop the growth of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells. They are used in some cancer treatments and certain inflammatory conditions.

Folate receptor alpha positive describes cancer cells that have a protein called folate receptor alpha on their surface. This protein helps cells take in folate, a nutrient important for making and repairing DNA. Some cancers, like those of the ovary, breast, lung, and endometrium, may be folate receptor alpha positive. Knowing this can help doctors plan treatment, but it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

FOLFIRI is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for advanced colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan hydrochloride—that work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. Sometimes, FOLFIRI is given with other medicines like bevacizumab to improve results. Patients should ask their care team how FOLFIRI applies to their specific situation.

FOLFIRI is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan hydrochloride—mainly used to treat advanced colorectal cancer. It may be given alone or with other medicines like bevacizumab. Patients should ask their care team how FOLFIRI applies to their specific situation, as the exact drugs and treatment plan can vary.

The FOLFIRI-Avastin Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It combines four drugs: leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and bevacizumab (also called Avastin). This combination works by attacking cancer cells in different ways. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans and should discuss its meaning with their care team.

FOLFIRI-Bevacizumab is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer that has spread. It combines three chemotherapy drugs—leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan—with a targeted therapy drug called bevacizumab (Avastin). This combination attacks cancer cells in different ways. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

FOLFIRI-Bevacizumab is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used for colorectal cancer that has spread. It combines three chemotherapy drugs—leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan—with a targeted therapy drug called bevacizumab (Avastin). This combination attacks cancer cells in different ways. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

FOLFIRI-Cetuximab is a combination chemotherapy treatment used for certain types of colorectal cancer that have spread to other parts of the body. It includes four drugs: leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and cetuximab. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans, and it’s important to discuss with the care team how it applies to individual care.

FOLFIRI-Cetuximab is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs used mainly for colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and cetuximab. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans and should discuss with their care team how it applies to their individual situation.

FOLFIRINOX is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for advanced pancreatic cancer that has spread. It combines four drugs to attack cancer cells in different ways. Because it can cause serious side effects, it is usually given only to patients who are strong enough to handle it. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

FOLFIRINOX is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs to fight advanced pancreatic cancer that has spread. It can be more effective than some other treatments but may cause serious side effects. Because of this, it is usually given only to patients who are strong enough to handle it. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

FOLFOX is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs: folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin. These drugs work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. FOLFOX may be given in different versions, such as FOLFOX-4 or FOLFOX-6, which vary in dosing and schedule. It is usually given through an intravenous (IV) line every two weeks.

FOLFOX is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. There are several versions of FOLFOX that differ in dosing and schedule. It is usually given through an IV every two weeks and may be part of a treatment plan after surgery or for advanced cancer.

FOLFOX-4 is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This regimen is given through an intravenous (IV) line and is one of several versions of FOLFOX, differing in drug doses and schedules. It may also appear under related names such as FOLFOX-4 Regimen.

FOLFOX-4 is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This treatment is given through an intravenous (IV) line, usually every two weeks, and is one of several FOLFOX regimens that differ in drug doses and schedules.

FOLFOX-6 is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This regimen is given through an intravenous (IV) line, usually every two weeks. Different versions of FOLFOX exist, and FOLFOX-6 is one common schedule with specific doses and timing.

FOLFOX-6 is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This regimen is usually given through an intravenous (IV) line every two weeks. Different versions of FOLFOX exist, and FOLFOX-6 is one common schedule with specific doses and timing.

FOLFOX-7 is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This regimen is given through an intravenous (IV) line and is one of several versions of FOLFOX, which differ in drug doses and schedules. Understanding the exact regimen can help patients know what to expect during treatment.

FOLFOX-7 is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used for colorectal cancer. It combines three drugs—folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), and oxaliplatin—that work together to attack cancer cells. This treatment is given through an intravenous (IV) line and is one of several FOLFOX regimens that differ in drug doses and schedules. It may also appear under related names such as FOLFOX-7.

Folic acid, also called folate, is a B vitamin important for making healthy new cells and DNA. It naturally occurs in foods like green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. In cancer care, certain medicines called antifolates block cancer cells from using folic acid to slow their growth. Folic acid supplements and antifolate drugs are different and serve different purposes.

Folic acid antagonists, also called antifolates or folate antagonists, are medicines that block cells from using folic acid, a vitamin needed to make DNA. By interfering with this process, these drugs can slow or stop the growth of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells. They are used in some cancer treatments and certain inflammatory conditions.

Folinic acid, also called leucovorin calcium or citrovorum factor, is a form of folic acid used to support cancer treatment and some types of anemia. It helps certain chemotherapy drugs work better and can reduce side effects from others, such as methotrexate. Folinic acid is not a chemotherapy drug itself but works alongside other medicines to improve safety and effectiveness.

A follicle is a small sac or pouch in the skin or ovaries that holds a hair or an egg. In cancer care, hair loss (alopecia) often happens because treatments like chemotherapy or radiation can harm hair follicles. Understanding what follicles are helps patients and caregivers better discuss side effects and treatment impacts with their care team.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), also called follitropin, is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. In women, it helps the ovaries grow eggs, and in men, it helps the testes make sperm. FSH levels may be measured or mentioned in cancer care, especially when hormone-related treatments or fertility concerns are involved. It’s important to understand FSH in context and ask your care team how it relates to your personal health.

Follicular large cell lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that starts in the immune system’s lymph cells. It is usually treated as an aggressive (fast-growing) lymphoma, but sometimes it can come back years later and behave more like a slow-growing (indolent) lymphoma. Patients should discuss with their care team what this diagnosis means for their individual situation.

Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts in B cells, a kind of white blood cell important for the immune system. It often forms groups of cancer cells called nodules in lymph nodes. This cancer usually progresses slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. Treatments vary and depend on the specific case, so it’s important to discuss what this diagnosis means for you with your healthcare team.

Follicular mixed cell lymphoma is a slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts in B cells, a kind of white blood cell. It includes both small and large cancer cells and affects the lymphatic system, which helps the body fight infections. This type of lymphoma usually progresses slowly and may require careful monitoring and treatment planning.

Follicular thyroid cancer is a type of thyroid cancer that starts in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It usually grows slowly and is often treatable. This cancer is one of the main types of differentiated thyroid cancer, which tend to have better outcomes than some other thyroid cancers. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment options with their care team.

The folliculin gene (FLCN) helps control how cells grow. Changes in this gene can cause Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of kidney tumors, skin bumps, and lung cysts. People with certain family histories of kidney cancer may be offered genetic counseling and testing for FLCN mutations to guide care and monitoring.

Folliculitis is inflammation or infection of one or more hair follicles, often causing red bumps or pimples around hair. In cancer care, it may appear as a skin side effect from treatments, sometimes resembling acne. Understanding folliculitis in context helps patients and caregivers recognize symptoms and discuss them with their care team for proper management.

Follitropin, also called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. In women, it helps the ovaries grow eggs, and in men, it supports sperm production. FSH levels may be checked during cancer care when treatments affect hormones or fertility. It’s important to understand FSH in context and ask your care team what it means for your personal health.

Follow-up care after cancer treatment means regular visits with your health care provider to check your health. These visits may include physical exams, blood tests, and other procedures to watch for any changes or problems related to your cancer or its treatment. Follow-up helps catch issues early and supports your recovery and well-being.

Follow-up care for cancer means regular medical check-ups after your treatment ends. These visits may include physical exams, blood tests, and other procedures to watch for any health changes or problems caused by your cancer or its treatment. Follow-up care helps check if the cancer has returned or if new health issues have developed.

A follow-up care plan, also called a survivorship care plan, is a detailed guide given after cancer treatment ends. It summarizes your treatment and outlines the tests, exams, and care you need to monitor your health and watch for cancer returning or new health issues. It may also include support for emotional and lifestyle needs to help you stay well.

Folotyn is the brand name for pralatrexate, a medication used to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) that has returned or not responded to previous treatments. It works by blocking cancer cells from using folic acid, which they need to grow. Folotyn is given through a vein and may cause side effects like mouth sores. It is approved in the United States but not in Europe due to differing views on its benefits and risks.

Fondaparinux sodium, also called Arixtra, is a medicine that helps prevent blood clots from forming in veins, especially in the legs. It is often used in cancer care to lower the risk of clots during and after surgery. Knowing both names can help you recognize this medicine in your treatment plan or medical records.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a U.S. government agency that works to keep food, medicines, medical devices, and other health products safe and effective. It reviews and approves new cancer treatments and drugs before they can be widely used. When you see FDA mentioned in your care, it means the treatment or product has met certain safety and effectiveness standards.

Food Forensics / Heavy Metals Consumer Testing is a consumer-focused approach that tests foods, supplements, and related products for hidden toxins like heavy metals, pesticides, and additives. In cancer care, it may be discussed for reasons such as nutrition support, symptom relief, treatment tolerance, or patient interest in complementary methods. Always talk with your healthcare team before using this testing during cancer treatment.

Food Forensics / Heavy Metals Consumer Testing is a way to check foods, supplements, and related products for hidden toxins like heavy metals, pesticides, and additives. In cancer care, people may explore this testing to support nutrition, reduce symptoms, improve treatment tolerance, or simply to feel more in control. It is important to discuss this testing with your healthcare team before use during cancer treatment.

Food safety during cancer treatment involves careful handling and preparation of food to lower the risk of foodborne illness. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy can weaken the immune system, making it especially important to avoid infections. Patients and caregivers should learn practical steps for safe food practices and discuss how these apply personally with their care team.

The Food-as-Medicine Approach, as promoted by GreenMedInfo, involves using certain foods, herbs, and natural compounds with the idea that they may help fight cancer or support health during cancer treatment. People may explore this approach to improve nutrition, ease symptoms, support recovery, or boost quality of life. It is important to discuss any such approach with your cancer care team to ensure safety and coordination with your treatments.

In cancer care, the word "foreign" refers to anything coming from outside the body, such as germs or substances that the immune system may recognize and respond to. It often appears when doctors discuss infection risks, immune responses, or treatments that involve the immune system. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation rather than interpreting it alone as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

The foreskin is the loose skin that covers the tip of the penis. It naturally covers the head of the penis and may not fully retract in newborns, which is normal and usually resolves over time. Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin and may reduce the risk of some infections and penile problems. Risks of circumcision include bleeding, infection, scarring, and pain, but these are generally low.

Nature-Based or Forest Therapy involves spending time in natural places like forests, parks, or gardens to help reduce stress, improve mood, and support overall well-being. Many people with cancer use it alongside medical care to help manage symptoms such as anxiety, sleep problems, or pain. It is a supportive approach meant to complement, not replace, standard cancer treatments.

Foretinib is an experimental cancer drug that blocks enzymes involved in tumor growth and spread. It works by targeting specific proteins called c-Met and VEGFR-2, which help tumors grow and develop new blood vessels. Also known as MET/VEGFR-2 inhibitor GSK1363089 or XL880, Foretinib is studied to understand its potential in cancer treatment. Patients should discuss its meaning and use with their care team.

Form FDA 1572, also called the Statement of Investigator or 1572 Form, is a document a doctor or researcher must file before starting a clinical trial of a new drug or treatment. By signing it, the investigator agrees to follow FDA safety and ethical rules and confirms they have the training and resources to conduct the trial responsibly. This helps protect patients and supports trustworthy research.

Formaldehyde is a strong-smelling chemical used in building materials, disinfectants, and to preserve lab specimens. Exposure to formaldehyde can increase the risk of certain rare cancers, including myeloid leukemia and cancers of the nasal cavity and sinuses. People may encounter formaldehyde in workplaces, tobacco smoke, or indoor air. Patients should discuss any concerns about exposure and cancer risk with their care team.

Forodesine hydrochloride, also known as BCX-1777, is an experimental drug being studied to treat certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. It works by blocking an enzyme that cancer cells need to grow. Currently, it is only available through clinical trials and is not yet a standard treatment. It may also appear under related names such as BCX-1777.

Fortified foods are everyday foods that have extra vitamins or minerals added to them to help prevent nutrient deficiencies. Common examples include milk with added vitamin D or cereals with added iron. These foods can support bone health, blood health, and overall nutrition, especially when natural sources are limited. In cancer care, understanding fortified foods can help you manage your diet and nutrient needs safely.

Fosamax, also called alendronate sodium, is a medicine that helps strengthen bones by slowing their breakdown. It’s often used to treat bone conditions like osteoporosis and may be used in cancer care to manage bone pain or high calcium levels. Patients might see this name in their treatment plans or medication lists and should ask their healthcare team how it applies to their care.

Foscarnet Sodium, also known as Foscavir or phosphonoformate trisodium, is an antiviral drug used to treat infections caused by herpesviruses, especially in people with weakened immune systems such as those with AIDS. It works by blocking the virus from making copies of itself. Patients may see this name in medical reports or treatment plans and should ask their care team how it applies to their situation.

Foscavir, also known as foscarnet sodium or phosphonoformate trisodium, is an antiviral medicine used to treat infections caused by herpesviruses. It is often given to people with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS or cancer, to help control infections that other drugs may not work against. It is usually given through an IV and requires careful monitoring for side effects.

Fostamatinib Disodium is a medicine used to treat adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), a condition where the immune system destroys blood platelets, causing low platelet counts. It works by blocking an enzyme called Syk, which helps reduce platelet destruction. It may also be called R788 Sodium, Syk Kinase Inhibitor R-935788, or Tavalisse. It is being studied for other conditions and some types of cancer.

Fotemustine is a chemotherapy drug that works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which may help kill them. It is being studied mainly for advanced melanoma, certain brain tumors called glioblastoma, and some lymphomas. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how fotemustine might fit into an individual treatment plan rather than seeing the term alone as a treatment recommendation.

Fotivda, also known as tivozanib hydrochloride, is a drug used to treat adults with advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) that has returned or not improved after other treatments. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and by preventing new blood vessels from forming. Fotivda is taken by mouth and is a type of targeted therapy called a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and antiangiogenesis agent.

The FoundationOne CDx test (also called F1CDx test) is a lab test done on a tumor sample. It looks at many genes to find specific changes or markers that might be targeted by certain cancer drugs. This helps doctors decide if a particular treatment could work for a patient’s tumor. The test name may appear in different forms, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

FR901228, also known as romidepsin or Istodax, is a cancer drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and divide. Romidepsin is given through a vein and is approved by the FDA for these uses. It may also be studied for other cancers.

Fractionation is how radiation treatment is divided into smaller doses given over time. The schedule of these doses can affect how well the treatment works and the side effects experienced. Patients should understand fractionation as part of their overall care plan and ask their medical team how it applies to their specific situation.

Fragmin, also known as dalteparin sodium, is a medicine that helps prevent or treat blood clots. It is often used in people with cancer or other health conditions to lower the risk of serious problems like deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Fragmin is usually given as a daily injection under the skin. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your treatment.

Fragrance means a pleasant, sweet smell. In cancer care, scents like cedarwood oil’s calming fragrance may be used in aromatherapy to help patients relax and reduce stress. While fragrance itself is not a cancer treatment, some patients find it supports emotional comfort during diagnosis and treatment. Always talk with your care team about how fragrance or scented products might fit safely into your care plan.

Boswellia serrata, also called the frankincense tree, is known for its amber-colored resin traditionally used to reduce inflammation. This natural resin has been used to ease symptoms of arthritis, asthma, and ulcerative colitis. Researchers are studying its possible role in treating brain tumors, but it is not a standard cancer treatment. Always talk with your healthcare team before using Boswellia serrata during cancer care.

A free flap is a type of surgery used to rebuild the breast after mastectomy by moving tissue completely detached from one part of the body to the chest. This tissue, including skin, fat, blood vessels, and sometimes muscle, is reconnected to new blood vessels using microsurgery. It differs from other flap methods where tissue remains partly attached to its original blood supply.

Free PSA is a form of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood that is not attached to other proteins. Measuring free PSA helps doctors understand prostate health and decide if further tests, like a biopsy, might be needed. Higher free PSA levels are often seen in benign prostate conditions, while lower levels may suggest prostate cancer. It is one part of PSA testing used to monitor or screen for prostate issues.

Free radicals are unstable molecules naturally made in the body during normal cell processes. They can damage important parts of cells, like DNA, which may increase the risk of cancer and other health problems. Antioxidants are substances that help protect cells by neutralizing free radicals. If you see the term free radical in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation rather than treating it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

A free radical scavenger is a substance, often called an antioxidant, that helps protect your cells by neutralizing unstable molecules known as free radicals. Free radicals can damage cells and may contribute to cancer and other health problems. Your body makes some antioxidants, and you also get them from foods like fruits and vegetables. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health or treatment.

Freeze-dried refers to a method of drying substances by freezing them and then removing moisture in a vacuum. This process helps preserve the original qualities of the substance and makes it last longer. In cancer care, freeze-dried pancreatic enzymes are sometimes used as part of alternative nutritional and enzyme-based programs, such as the Gonzalez Protocol, which combines diet, supplements, and detoxification routines.

A Rife Machine, also called a Frequency Generator, is a device used in alternative health circles. It is claimed to send specific electrical frequencies to the body to help with pain, energy, inflammation, immune support, detoxification, scar healing, or even direct anticancer effects. These claims are not supported by mainstream cancer treatment guidelines and should be approached with caution.

Bioresonance, also called frequency medicine devices, are alternative tools that claim to detect and adjust the body’s energy signals to diagnose or treat health problems. These devices are not proven to diagnose or treat cancer. Some people use them for symptom relief or wellness, but it’s important to discuss their use with your cancer care team to ensure safe and coordinated care.

Juicing or fresh vegetable juices involve consuming liquids made from raw vegetables, often used to support nutrition, digestion, and immune health during cancer care. Patients may use juicing to help with hydration, nutrient intake, or as part of alternative or supportive care strategies. It is important to discuss juicing with your healthcare team to ensure safety and appropriateness alongside cancer treatments.

Fresolimumab, also known as Anti-TGF-Beta Monoclonal Antibody GC1008 or GC1008, is an experimental medicine being studied to treat cancers such as breast cancer that has spread. It works by targeting a protein called transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on some cancer cells, aiming to slow cancer growth and stop tumors from making new blood vessels. Fresolimumab is not yet a standard treatment and is mainly available through clinical trials.

Frog Gut Microbe is an experimental research topic involving microbes found in frogs that may have effects on tumors. It appears in cancer discussions because some patients and researchers are exploring whether these microbes or their products could help with cancer prevention, treatment support, symptom relief, or recovery. This is not an established cancer therapy and should be discussed with your healthcare team before considering use.

The frontal sinuses are two large, air-filled spaces located in the lower forehead above the eyes. They are part of the paranasal sinuses, which help keep the inside of the nose moist by producing mucus. Understanding the frontal sinuses is important in conditions like sinus infections and certain rare cancers that may affect this area.

Fruit acids, also called alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), are natural substances found in fruits and milk. They are often used in skin care products to gently exfoliate the skin, helping to soften it and reduce wrinkles. In cancer care, AHAs may be mentioned when managing skin changes caused by treatments, but they are not treatments for cancer themselves.

A fruitarian diet mainly includes fruits, nuts, and seeds, avoiding animal products and often other plant foods. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for nutrition, inflammation, digestion, immune support, or alternative treatment claims. Because it is very restrictive, patients should talk with their care team before trying it to understand if it fits their health needs and treatment plan.

Fruquintinib (brand name Fruzaqla) is a targeted cancer drug that blocks a protein called VEGFR. By doing this, it may stop tumors from growing new blood vessels they need to survive and may help kill cancer cells. It is approved to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, especially after other treatments have been tried.

Fruzaqla, also known as fruquintinib, is a targeted cancer drug taken by mouth. It blocks a protein called VEGFR that tumors need to grow new blood vessels. Fruzaqla is approved to treat adults with colorectal cancer that has spread after other treatments. It may help slow tumor growth by cutting off their blood supply and is being studied for other cancers.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), also called follitropin, is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. In women, it helps the ovaries grow eggs, and in men, it supports sperm production. FSH levels may be checked during cancer care when treatments affect hormones or fertility. It’s important to understand FSH in context and ask your care team what it means for your personal health.

Ftorafur, also known as tegafur-uracil or UFT, is a combination drug used in cancer treatment. It contains tegafur, which turns into a cancer-killing substance inside tumor cells, and uracil, which helps keep more of this substance inside the cells. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan by itself.

Fulguration is a medical procedure that uses heat from an electric current to burn and destroy abnormal tissue or to stop bleeding during surgery. It is also called electrocautery, electrocoagulation, or electrofulguration. This technique helps surgeons safely remove tumors or control bleeding, making surgeries safer and more effective. It may also appear under related names such as Electrocautery, Electrocoagulation, And Electrofulguration.

A Full Blood Count (FBC), also called a Complete Blood Count (CBC), is a common blood test that measures the numbers and types of cells in your blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also checks hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. This test helps doctors understand your blood health and is important in diagnosing and monitoring many conditions, including those related to cancer and its treatments.

Fulphila is a medicine used to help prevent infections in adults and children who have low white blood cell counts caused by certain chemotherapy treatments. It works by helping the bone marrow make more white blood cells and stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. Fulphila is also known by other names like Neulasta, Nyvepria, Pegfilgrastim, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.

Fulvestrant, also known by the brand name Faslodex, is a hormone therapy drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It works by blocking and breaking down estrogen receptors on cancer cells, which can slow or stop cancer growth. Fulvestrant is given as an injection and is often used when breast cancer has progressed after other hormone treatments.

Fumarase, also called fumarate hydratase, is an enzyme that helps cells use oxygen and produce energy. Rare changes in the gene that makes fumarase can cause a very uncommon metabolic disorder called fumarase deficiency, leading to serious brain problems. Mutations in this gene may also increase the risk of certain inherited cancers, including kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus.

Fumarate hydratase, also called fumarase, is an enzyme that helps cells use oxygen and produce energy. Changes in the gene that makes this enzyme can affect cell growth and may increase the risk of certain inherited cancers, including kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus. It is important to ask your healthcare team what this term means for your personal health.

The fumarate hydratase gene (FH gene) makes an enzyme that helps cells use oxygen and produce energy. Changes (mutations) in this gene can increase the risk of certain inherited conditions, including hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). This condition raises the chance of kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus. If the FH gene is mentioned in your health information, talk with your care team about what it means for you.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive imaging test that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. It helps doctors see which parts of the brain are working during certain tasks or at rest. fMRI is one of several imaging methods used in medical care, alongside MRI, CT scans, PET scans, and ultrasound. Patients should ask their care team how fMRI applies to their specific situation.

Functional Medicine Oncology Nutrition is a diet and nutrition approach discussed in cancer care. It focuses on supporting nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. While some use it as supportive care, others may claim it can treat cancer directly. Patients should review this approach carefully with their healthcare team to understand its role and safety alongside standard cancer treatments.

Functional Tumor Profiling, also called EVA-PCD, is a lab test that studies living tumor cells taken from a patient’s biopsy or surgery. The test looks at how these cells respond to different chemotherapy or targeted drugs outside the body to find treatments most likely to cause tumor-cell death for that patient. It helps doctors personalize cancer treatment but is one part of a larger decision process.

Functional Tumor Profiling, also called EVA-PCD, is a lab test that studies living tumor cells taken from a patient’s biopsy or surgery. It tests how these cells respond to different chemotherapy or targeted drugs outside the body to help identify treatments most likely to cause tumor-cell death for that patient. It supports personalized cancer care but is one part of a larger decision process.

A functioning tumor is a growth found in hormone-producing (endocrine) tissue that makes extra hormones. These hormones travel through the bloodstream and affect other parts of the body. Understanding whether a tumor is functioning helps doctors and patients know how it might cause symptoms and guide treatment decisions. Always ask your care team what this means for your specific situation.

Fundoscopy, also called funduscopy or ophthalmoscopy, is an eye exam that uses a special light and magnifying lens to look at the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve. It helps check for eye problems like glaucoma, macular degeneration, eye cancer, or injury. Sometimes eye drops are used to widen the pupils for a better view. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

The fundus is the part of a hollow organ that is farthest from its opening. For example, in the eye, the fundus is the back interior surface including the retina and optic nerve. In other organs like the uterus or stomach, the fundus refers to the top or bottom part opposite the opening. Understanding this term helps patients ask their care team how it relates to their specific health situation.

Fundoscopy, also called funduscopy or ophthalmoscopy, is a painless eye exam that uses a special light and magnifying lens to look at the back of the eye. It helps check important parts like the retina and optic nerve for problems such as glaucoma, eye tumors, or damage from cancer or its treatment. Sometimes eye drops are used to widen the pupils for a clearer view.

A fungating lesion is a type of skin sore that can develop in some cancers, especially in advanced stages. It looks like a growing, fungus-like mass with open sores and dead tissue. These lesions often have a bad smell and can be painful or uncomfortable. They may appear in cancers such as breast cancer, melanoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options are limited, but some topical medicines have been studied with weak evidence for slowing progression in small breast lesions.

Fungicides are substances used to kill fungi, including molds and yeasts. They are commonly used in farming to protect crops and sometimes in human health to treat fungal infections. Fungicides can leave residues on food, so it’s important to understand their role and ask your care team how this term relates to your health or treatment.

Fungus is a type of organism that includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. Some fungi can cause infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as those receiving cancer treatment. These infections may affect the lungs or other organs and sometimes require antifungal medicines. Understanding fungus-related infections can help patients and caregivers recognize symptoms and discuss risks with their healthcare team.

Furanocoumarins are natural substances found in some plants and citrus fruits like grapefruits and limes. They can affect how the body breaks down certain medicines, including some cancer drugs. It’s important to talk with your healthcare team about what furanocoumarins mean for your treatment rather than assuming anything based on the word alone.

Fusilev, also known as levoleucovorin calcium, is a form of folic acid used in cancer care. It helps reduce the harmful side effects of the chemotherapy drug methotrexate and is sometimes given with fluorouracil to treat advanced colorectal cancer. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans and should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

Fusion biopsy, also called MRI ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy, is a procedure that combines MRI and ultrasound images to create a detailed 3-D view of the prostate. This helps doctors guide a needle to abnormal areas to collect tissue samples. It may find prostate cancer cells that other biopsies miss and can help plan treatment. Patients should ask their care team how this test applies to their situation.

A fusion gene is made when parts of two different genes join together. This change can happen naturally in the body and may play a role in some cancers. For example, the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is found in certain leukemias. Understanding fusion genes helps doctors confirm diagnoses and choose treatments, but it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A fusion protein is a protein made when parts of two different genes join together. This can happen naturally in some cancers or be created in the lab for treatments. For example, the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is important in certain leukemias. Fusion proteins may come up in test results, diagnoses, or treatment discussions, but understanding their role in your care is key rather than focusing on the term alone.

Futibatinib (brand name Lytgobi) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, a type of bile duct cancer inside the liver, that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It works by blocking a protein called FGFR, which may help stop cancer cells from growing or kill them. Futibatinib is taken by mouth and is approved for patients whose cancer has already been treated.

Fyarro is a form of the drug sirolimus used to treat adults with a rare type of cancer called malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It is made of tiny protein-bound particles and may work better and cause fewer side effects than other forms of sirolimus. Fyarro is approved by the FDA and is also being studied for other cancers.