P Glossary Terms

P-32, or phosphorus-32, is a radioactive form of phosphorus used in some cancer treatments. It delivers targeted radiation to help control certain cancers, especially some blood-related types. Understanding P-32 can help patients and caregivers follow treatment discussions and know what to expect during care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

P-Glycoprotein is a natural protein in many cells that acts like a pump, pushing certain substances out. In cancer, some cells make too much of this protein, which can push chemotherapy drugs out and make treatment less effective. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A p-value is a number used in medical research to help show whether differences seen between groups, like patients receiving different treatments, are likely due to chance or a real effect. A small p-value suggests the difference is probably not random, while a large p-value means it might be due to chance. It helps doctors and researchers understand study results but doesn’t prove if a treatment works or not.

The P30 Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) is funding from the National Cancer Institute given to select U.S. cancer centers. This support helps these centers improve their operations and research, aiming to develop better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. A cancer center with a CCSG is recognized for combining strong research with quality patient care.

The p53 gene, also called TP53 or tumor protein p53 gene, makes a protein that helps control cell growth and death. Changes in this gene can let cells grow uncontrollably, which may lead to cancer. Mutations in p53 are linked to many cancers and a rare inherited condition called Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Understanding p53 can help explain cancer behavior and guide treatment decisions.

A PA, or Physician Assistant, is a licensed health professional who works under a doctor’s supervision. They perform medical tasks like taking medical histories, doing physical exams, drawing blood, caring for wounds, and giving injections. In cancer care, PAs support doctors and help provide patient care, making the healthcare team more accessible and responsive to your needs.

PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) is a nutrient related to the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts. It supports healthy body functions and helps certain beneficial bacteria in the intestines survive. Found naturally in grains and animal foods, PABA is being studied for possible uses in cancer care, such as making tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy, though it is not a standard treatment.

A pacemaker is a small electronic device placed under the skin near the collarbone to help control the heartbeat. It monitors the heart’s rhythm and sends electrical signals when the heart beats too slowly or irregularly. Pacemakers use thin wires connected to the heart and run on batteries. They are also called artificial or cardiac pacemakers.

Pacific valerian is a plant whose roots have been used as a natural sedative to help with relaxation and sleep. It is also known by several other names, including garden heliotrope, Indian valerian, and Valeriana officinalis. Researchers are studying it to see if it can improve sleep for cancer patients undergoing treatment.

A pack year is a way to measure how much a person has smoked over time. It is calculated by multiplying the number of cigarette packs smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, smoking one pack a day for one year equals one pack year.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug used to treat several cancers, including ovarian, breast, lung cancers, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing, which can help slow or shrink tumors. Paclitaxel is part of a group of drugs called taxanes and may be given alone or with other treatments depending on the cancer type.

Paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation is a special type of chemotherapy drug used to treat certain breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It combines paclitaxel with tiny protein particles called nanoparticles, which may help the medicine work better and cause fewer side effects. It is sometimes called Abraxane or protein-bound paclitaxel and is also being studied for other cancers.

Paclitaxel liposome is a form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel enclosed in tiny fat-like particles called liposomes. This special packaging may help the drug reach cancer cells more effectively and cause fewer side effects. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing. Paclitaxel liposome is being studied in clinical trials for several types of cancer.

Paclitaxel poliglumex is a chemotherapy drug made by attaching paclitaxel to a protein called poliglumex. This design may help the drug target cancer cells more effectively and cause fewer side effects. It is being studied in clinical trials for cancers such as breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called mitotic inhibitors, which work by stopping cancer cells from dividing.

Paclitaxel polyglutamate is a form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel linked to a protein called poliglumex. It is designed to target cancer cells while possibly causing fewer side effects. This drug is being studied in clinical trials for cancers such as breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called mitotic inhibitors, which work by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing.

Paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle is a special form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel that dissolves better in water. This improved form helps doctors give higher doses more safely. It is used to treat cancers like breast, ovarian, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, and sometimes lung cancer when combined with other drugs. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Pacritinib citrate, sold as Vonjo, is a medicine used to treat adults with certain types of myelofibrosis, a bone marrow disease. It is especially helpful for patients with very low platelet counts. Pacritinib works by blocking proteins that help abnormal blood cells grow. It is approved by the FDA and is being studied for other cancers and conditions.

PAD is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. It combines three drugs—bortezomib, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone—that work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. This combination is often called the PAD regimen and is part of cancer care plans to help control the disease.

The PAD regimen is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. It combines three drugs—bortezomib, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone—that work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. This combination is part of treatment plans to help control the disease. It may also appear under related names such as PAD.

Padcev, also called enfortumab vedotin, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain urothelial cancers affecting the bladder or urinary tract. It works by attaching to cancer cells and delivering medicine that helps kill them. Padcev is given alone or with pembrolizumab when the cancer has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied for other cancers.

Paget disease of bone is a long-term condition where bones break down and rebuild faster than normal. It most often affects the pelvis, legs, skull, and lower spine, usually in older adults. This can cause bone pain, changes in bone shape, and fractures. It is also called osteitis deformans and is not cancer.

Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer that affects the nipple and usually the areola, the darker skin around the nipple. Symptoms include itching, redness, flaking or crusty skin, a flattened nipple, and sometimes yellowish or bloody discharge. It often occurs with other breast cancers inside the breast.

Paget disease of the nipple is a rare type of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and usually the areola, the darker skin around the nipple. Symptoms may include itching, redness, flaking, crusty or thickened skin, a flattened nipple, or discharge. It often occurs with other breast cancers inside the breast, such as ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer.

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are chemicals formed when materials like coal, oil, gas, tobacco, or meat are burned. They are also found in products such as coal tar, pesticides, and some medicines. Long-term exposure to PAHs may increase the risk of certain cancers by damaging cells and DNA over time.

Pain expression is how a person shows they are feeling pain. This can include words, sounds like crying or moaning, facial expressions, or behaviors such as limping or guarding a painful area. Everyone expresses pain differently based on their culture, background, and situation. Recognizing these signs helps doctors and nurses understand and manage pain better during cancer care.

A pain flare, also called breakthrough pain, is a sudden, brief increase in pain that happens to people who already have ongoing pain from cancer or other conditions. This stronger pain feels like the usual pain and happens in the same place. Pain flares can be triggered by stress, activity, illness, or when pain medicine starts to wear off.

Pain threshold is the point when a person first notices pain. In cancer care, it helps doctors understand how each person feels pain from cancer or its treatments. Since everyone’s pain threshold is different, pain control plans are personalized to fit individual needs and improve comfort. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

PALA is a substance being studied to help the chemotherapy drug fluorouracil work better against cancer. It is not yet a standard treatment but is part of ongoing research to improve cancer therapies. Patients may hear about PALA mainly in clinical trials or experimental treatment discussions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The palate is the roof of the mouth, made of two parts: the hard palate at the front, which is bony, and the soft palate at the back, which is muscular. It helps with speaking, swallowing, and separating the mouth from the nose. Knowing about the palate can help you understand cancers or treatments involving the mouth and throat area.

The palatine uvula, or simply uvula, is the small, soft flap of tissue hanging down at the back of your mouth from the soft palate. It helps with speech and swallowing. In cancer care, doctors may check the uvula when examining the mouth and throat, since cancers can develop nearby. Knowing about the uvula can help you understand discussions about your diagnosis or treatment.

Palbociclib (brand name Ibrance) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain advanced breast cancers that are hormone receptor positive (HR+) and HER2 negative (HER2-). It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow, often taken with hormone therapies to help control cancer spread. It may also appear under related names such as Ibrance.

Chinese Weevils (Ulomoides dermestoides) are small beetles used in some traditional folk medicine practices where live beetles are swallowed. This practice, called coleotherapy, is promoted in parts of Asia and Latin America for conditions like cancer and asthma. However, there is no strong scientific evidence that swallowing these beetles is safe or effective for cancer or other diseases.

The Paleolithic Ketogenic Diet is a nutrition approach sometimes discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It is not a standard cancer treatment but may be considered as supportive care or an alternative approach. Patients should always discuss such diets with their healthcare team before use.

Palifermin (brand name Kepivance) is a medicine used to help prevent and treat severe mouth sores (oral mucositis) in people with blood cancers who receive high-dose chemotherapy and radiation followed by stem cell transplant. It works by protecting and helping the lining of the mouth and digestive tract heal during intense cancer treatments.

Palliation means easing symptoms and suffering caused by cancer or other serious illnesses. It focuses on improving comfort and quality of life but does not cure the disease. Palliation can involve medicines, treatments, and support to help with pain, nausea, fatigue, and emotional or spiritual distress. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Palliative care is specialized medical care that focuses on improving quality of life and easing symptoms like pain for people with serious illnesses such as cancer. It supports physical comfort as well as emotional, social, and spiritual needs. Palliative care can be provided alongside treatments aimed at curing or controlling the disease, from diagnosis through all stages of illness.

A palliative care specialist is a health care professional trained to help people with serious illnesses like cancer. They focus on relieving symptoms, managing treatment side effects, and supporting emotional, social, and spiritual needs. They also assist families and caregivers and help coordinate care among the health team to improve quality of life.

Palliative sedation uses medicines called sedatives to help relieve severe symptoms that cannot be controlled by other treatments. It calms or makes a person unaware or unconscious to ease suffering, usually near the end of life. The goal is comfort, not to shorten life. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Palliative therapy is treatment that helps ease symptoms and reduce suffering caused by cancer or serious illnesses. It focuses on improving comfort and quality of life but does not cure the disease. Treatments like surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy may be used to relieve pain or other symptoms caused by tumors.

A palmar pit is a tiny, shallow dent or small depression in the skin on the palm of the hand. These pits are usually pink or skin-colored and may become easier to see after soaking the hands in water. Palmar pits are often linked to a rare inherited condition called basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), which raises the risk of certain skin cancers.

Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia, also known as Hand-Foot Syndrome, is a side effect of some cancer treatments. It causes redness, swelling, pain, numbness, or tingling in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. These symptoms can make daily activities harder and should be reported to your healthcare team for proper care and management.

Palonosetron hydrochloride, also known as Aloxi, is a medicine used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or surgery. It works by blocking serotonin, a chemical that can trigger these symptoms. Approved for adults and children aged one month and older, it helps patients feel more comfortable during cancer treatment or recovery.

Palpable disease means cancer that can be felt by touch during a physical exam. It often involves lumps in lymph nodes, skin, or organs like the liver or colon. This term helps doctors describe when tumors or cancerous areas are physically noticeable, but it does not give the full picture of the cancer’s size or seriousness.

Palpation is a way doctors examine the body by gently pressing on the skin to feel the organs or tissues underneath. This hands-on check helps find lumps, swelling, or other changes that might need more tests. It’s a common part of physical exams, including those related to cancer care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Palpitations are feelings that your heart is beating fast, irregularly, or strongly. They are common and can happen for many reasons like stress, medications, or health conditions. In cancer care, it’s important to notice palpitations because some treatments or the cancer itself may affect your heart. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Pamelor is a medication used to treat depression. It may also help with anxiety, certain types of pain, and quitting smoking. Known as Aventyl or nortriptyline, it works by increasing natural brain chemicals like norepinephrine to improve mood and reduce cravings. In cancer care, it can support emotional health and manage symptoms like nerve pain.

Pamidronate disodium (brand name Aredia) is a medicine used to treat high calcium levels caused by cancer and to protect bones damaged by cancers like multiple myeloma or breast cancer that has spread to bone. It helps slow bone breakdown and is also used for a bone disorder called Paget disease. It is given by infusion, often alongside other cancer treatments.

Panacea means a cure-all—a treatment believed to fix all health problems. In cancer care, no single treatment works for every patient or cancer type. The term may appear in media or discussions but should be understood carefully, focusing on your specific diagnosis and treatment plan. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A Pancoast tumor is a type of lung cancer that starts at the very top of the lung. It often grows into nearby bones and nerves, which can cause unique symptoms like shoulder pain, arm weakness, or numbness. Most Pancoast tumors are a kind of non-small cell lung cancer. It is also called a pulmonary sulcus tumor because of the area where it develops.

The pancreas is a gland located deep in the abdomen behind the stomach. It helps digestion by producing juices that break down food and controls blood sugar by making hormones like insulin. Problems with the pancreas, including pancreatic cancer, can affect digestion and blood sugar levels. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pancreatectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the pancreas, an organ behind the stomach that helps with digestion and blood sugar control. Sometimes nearby organs like part of the stomach, small intestine, bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and lymph nodes are also removed. This surgery is often used to treat pancreatic cancer or other serious pancreatic conditions.

Pancreatic means relating to the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach that helps with digestion and blood sugar control. In cancer care, pancreatic often refers to pancreatic cancer, a disease that starts in different types of cells in the pancreas. Knowing this term helps patients and caregivers understand diagnosis, treatment, and discussions about pancreatic health.

Pancreatic cancer is a disease where cells in the pancreas grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen that helps with digestion and blood sugar control. Most pancreatic cancers start in the cells that produce digestive juices and are often found at an advanced stage.

The pancreatic duct is a small tube inside the pancreas that carries digestive juices filled with enzymes to the small intestine. These enzymes help break down food. The pancreatic duct is important in some health conditions, including certain types of pancreatic cancer, because tumors can develop in or near this duct and affect digestion.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. It starts in the cells of the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes. PDAC often grows without early symptoms and is usually found at a later stage, which can make treatment more challenging. It may also appear under related names such as PDAC.

Pancreatic endocrine cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the hormone-producing islet cells of the pancreas. These cells help control blood sugar and digestion by making hormones. Some tumors produce extra hormones causing symptoms, while others do not but can still cause problems as they grow. It is also called islet cell carcinoma.

A pancreatic endocrine tumor is a growth that starts in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas, called islet cells. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some produce extra hormones causing symptoms, while others do not but may still cause problems as they grow. They are also known as islet cell tumors or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and are less common than other pancreatic cancers.

Pancreatic enzymes are proteins made by the pancreas that help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in food so your body can absorb nutrients. They are important for digestion and may be discussed in cancer care when the pancreas is affected. Sometimes, enzyme supplements are needed to support digestion and nutrition during treatment.

Pancreatic exocrine cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the pancreas that make digestive enzymes. The most common form is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This cancer often grows without early symptoms, so it is usually found at a later stage when treatment can be more challenging.

A pancreatic exocrine tumor is a growth in the pancreas cells that make digestive enzymes. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common cancerous type is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is the main form of pancreatic cancer. These tumors often do not cause symptoms early, so they may be found at a later stage.

A pancreatic function test, also called a secretin stimulation test, checks how well the pancreas responds to a hormone named secretin. During the test, a thin tube is gently placed through the nose or throat into the stomach and small intestine. Secretin is injected into a vein, and fluid samples are collected to see how the pancreas reacts. This test helps doctors diagnose pancreatic problems like pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or certain tumors.

A pancreatic insulin-producing tumor is a growth in the pancreas’s beta cells that make insulin. These tumors are usually benign (not cancer) but cause too much insulin to be released, which can lead to low blood sugar and symptoms like shakiness, sweating, or fainting. They are also called insulinomas or beta cell tumors of the pancreas.

Pancreatic juice is a fluid made by the pancreas that contains enzymes to help digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. It plays an important role in digestion and may be mentioned in discussions about pancreatic health or diseases, including pancreatic cancer. Understanding pancreatic juice can help you better follow your care and ask questions about your diagnosis or treatment.

A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is a growth that starts in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas, called islet cells. These tumors can be non-cancerous or cancerous. Some produce extra hormones causing symptoms, while others do not but may still cause problems as they grow. They are less common than other pancreatic cancers and often have a better outlook.

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a small protein made by the pancreas that helps control the release of digestive enzymes and hormones. Its levels in the blood usually rise after eating and may increase with age or in conditions like diabetes and pancreatic cancer. PP is not a disease marker by itself but can provide helpful information about pancreatic health when combined with other tests.

A pancreatic tumor is a growth in the pancreas, an organ that helps with digestion and blood sugar control. There are two main types: exocrine tumors, which affect enzyme-producing cells and are the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors, which come from hormone-producing cells and can be benign or cancerous. Understanding the type of tumor is important for treatment and outlook.

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach that helps with digestion and blood sugar control. It can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, and digestive problems. Pancreatitis may be sudden (acute) or long-lasting (chronic). Both types need medical care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Pancreatoduodenectomy, also called the Whipple procedure, is a major surgery used to treat pancreatic cancer. It involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine (duodenum), a portion of the stomach, and nearby tissues. This operation aims to remove the cancer and improve symptoms caused by the tumor.

Pancytopenia is a condition where the blood has fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets than normal. It happens when the bone marrow, which makes these blood cells, isn’t working properly. Symptoms can include feeling very tired, weak, dizzy, trouble breathing, fast heartbeat, fever, pale skin, bruises, or unusual bleeding.

Panhypopituitarism is a rare condition where the pituitary gland stops producing most or all of its hormones. These hormones control many body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Symptoms vary and can include growth problems in children, weight gain, hair loss, fatigue, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and reproductive issues. It can result from tumors, injury, infections, or treatments like surgery or radiation near the pituitary gland.

Panic is a sudden, intense feeling of fear or anxiety that can cause physical symptoms like a fast heartbeat, sweating, and trouble breathing. People with cancer may experience panic as part of the emotional stress related to their illness or treatment. Recognizing and managing panic can help improve coping and quality of life.

Panic disorder is an anxiety condition where a person has repeated panic attacks—sudden, intense feelings of fear or discomfort without real danger. Symptoms can include chest pain, fast heartbeat, sweating, shaking, dizziness, and trouble breathing. People often worry about future attacks and may avoid places where attacks happened. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Panitumumab, also known as Vectibix or ABX-EGF, is a targeted cancer drug used mainly to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking a protein called EGFR on cancer cells, which helps slow or stop their growth. Panitumumab may be given alone or with chemotherapy, depending on the patient’s cancer type and previous treatments.

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes break down food and make important substances, and it protects cells from damage. Found in almost all plant and animal foods, pantothenic acid must be eaten daily because the body does not store it.

PANVAC-V is an experimental cancer vaccine made from a harmless vaccinia virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells by producing proteins often found on tumors. Researchers are studying PANVAC-V in clinical trials, but it is not yet a standard treatment. It may also appear under related names such as Inalimarev, Recombinant Vaccinia-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM Vaccine.

Pao Pereira is a natural extract from a South American tree, sometimes called Pau Pereira or PB-100. It is part of the Beljanski Protocol, a group of plant-based products promoted in some alternative cancer care settings. While laboratory studies suggest possible anticancer effects, there is no proven evidence that Pao Pereira is effective or safe for treating cancer in people.

PAP, or prostatic acid phosphatase, is an enzyme made by the prostate gland. Higher levels of PAP may sometimes be found in men with prostate cancer. While it can provide helpful information about prostate health, PAP levels alone do not diagnose cancer and are used together with other tests and exams.

A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a simple and quick procedure where a small brush collects cells from the cervix to check for cervical cancer or changes that might lead to cancer. It can also detect infections or inflammation. Usually done during a pelvic exam, Pap smears help find problems early, often before symptoms appear, supporting timely care and prevention.

A Pap test, also called a Pap smear, is a simple and quick procedure where cells are gently collected from the cervix to check for cervical cancer or changes that might lead to cancer. It can also detect infections or inflammation. Regular Pap tests are an important part of routine health care for people with a cervix and help find problems early, often before symptoms appear.

A Pap/HPV cotest is a cervical cancer screening that checks cervical cells for both high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and abnormal cell changes. It uses one sample to perform both an HPV test and a Pap test, helping find early signs of cervical cancer. This test is usually recommended every five years for people aged 30 to 65.

A Papanicolaou test, also called a Pap smear or Pap test, is a simple procedure where cells are gently collected from the cervix to check for cervical cancer or changes that might lead to cancer. It can also detect infections or inflammation. Usually done during a pelvic exam, it helps find problems early when treatment is easier.

The papillary dermis is the thin, upper layer of the dermis, the inner skin layer just beneath the outer skin (epidermis). It contains connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that nourish the skin and help regulate temperature. This layer is important in understanding skin health and some skin cancers. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma, also called Dabska tumor, is a rare, slow-growing tumor made of blood vessel cells. It forms in or just under the skin anywhere on the body and often looks like firm, raised, purplish bumps. This tumor usually does not spread to other parts of the body and can affect both children and adults.

Papillary kidney cancer is a type of kidney cancer that starts in the lining of tiny tubes inside the kidney. These tubes help filter blood and make urine. Under a microscope, papillary tumors often look like thin, finger-like growths. There are two main types: type 1 usually grows slower than type 2. Some inherited genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing this cancer.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a type of kidney cancer that begins in the lining of tiny tubes inside the kidney. These tubes help filter blood and produce urine. Under a microscope, PRCC tumors often look like thin, finger-like growths. There are two types: type 1 usually grows slower than type 2. Some inherited genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing PRCC.

Papillary serous carcinoma is a fast-growing and aggressive cancer that most often affects the lining of the uterus (endometrium), the ovaries, or the thin tissue lining the abdomen (peritoneum). Because it can spread quickly, it usually requires prompt and careful medical treatment. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize the seriousness of the diagnosis and the importance of close medical care.

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It starts in the thyroid gland’s follicular cells and usually grows slowly in small finger-like shapes. It is more common in women and often affects people younger than 45. When found early, this cancer often has a good outlook and can be treated successfully.

A papillary tumor is a growth that looks like thin, finger-like projections extending from the lining of an organ. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They are most often found in the bladder, thyroid, and breast but can appear in other parts of the body as well.

The papillary-reticular dermal interface is the boundary between two layers of the skin’s middle layer, the dermis. It lies between the thin upper papillary dermis and the thicker lower reticular dermis, just below the outer skin layer. This term helps describe skin structure and is important in understanding how deeply skin conditions, including some cancers, may grow.

Papilledema is swelling of the optic disk, the spot where the optic nerve connects the eye to the brain. It happens when pressure inside the brain rises, often due to tumors or other medical issues. This swelling can affect vision and may signal a serious condition needing medical attention. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A papule is a small, solid bump that rises above the skin’s surface with clear edges. It can be red, purple, brown, pink, or other colors. Papules are common and may appear for many reasons, including skin irritation, infections, or as side effects of cancer treatments. Not all papules are serious, but new or changing bumps should be checked by your healthcare team.

PAR-101, also called OPT-80 or tiacumicin B, is an antibiotic being studied to treat diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infection in people with cancer. This infection can cause serious gut problems, especially during cancer treatment. PAR-101 is not yet a standard treatment but is being researched to help manage these infections.

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a nutrient related to the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts. It naturally occurs in grains and animal foods and helps certain beneficial bacteria in the intestines survive. Researchers are studying PABA as a substance that might make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy, but this use is still experimental and not a standard treatment.

Paracentesis is a procedure where a thin needle or tube is gently inserted into the abdomen to remove extra fluid that has built up around organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver. This helps relieve discomfort and allows doctors to test the fluid to better understand health conditions, including cancer-related issues.

Paraganglia are small groups of cells that develop from early nerve tissue and are found near the adrenal glands, blood vessels, and nerves. These cells often produce hormones that help control body functions. Tumors can sometimes grow from paraganglia cells, making this term important in understanding certain rare tumors and their effects on the body.

Paraganglioma is a rare tumor that usually is not cancerous. It grows from special nerve-related cells called paraganglia, found near the adrenal glands, blood vessels, and nerves. When these tumors develop inside the adrenal glands, they are called pheochromocytomas. Paragangliomas outside the adrenal glands may be called glomus tumors or chemodectomas.

Parageusia, also called dysgeusia, means having a bad or changed taste in the mouth. It often happens during cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation, especially when these affect the head and neck. This change can make food taste metallic, bitter, or just different, which may affect eating and nutrition. Your care team can help you manage parageusia to keep eating as comfortable as possible.

Paralysis means losing the ability to move part or all of your body. It can affect a small area, like a hand or face, or larger parts such as both legs or all limbs. Paralysis happens when signals between the brain and muscles are blocked or damaged. In cancer care, paralysis may result from tumors pressing on nerves or the spinal cord, or from muscle and nerve problems caused by cancer or its treatments.

Paralytic ileus is a condition where the muscles in the intestines temporarily stop working, causing food, gas, and waste to stop moving through the digestive tract. This leads to a blockage without a physical cause. It often happens after surgery, inflammation, or from certain medications, causing symptoms like belly pain, bloating, nausea, and constipation.

The parametrium is the layer of fat and connective tissue surrounding the uterus. It helps hold the uterus in place by connecting it to other pelvic tissues. In cancer care, especially for uterine or cervical cancers, doctors check the parametrium to see if cancer has spread beyond the uterus, which can influence treatment decisions.

Paramyxoviruses are a family of viruses that use RNA as their genetic material and have special proteins on their surface. They include viruses that cause measles and mumps. In cancer care, infections from these viruses can affect a patient’s health and treatment, especially if the immune system is weakened. Understanding paramyxoviruses helps patients and caregivers recognize infection risks and discuss care with their healthcare team.

Paranasal sinuses are small, air-filled spaces in the bones around your nose. They include the frontal (forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose) sinuses. These sinuses connect to the nasal cavity and are lined with cells that produce mucus to keep your nose moist during breathing.

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissues inside the nose or in the small air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. The most common type begins in the flat cells lining these areas. Symptoms may include ongoing sinus problems or nosebleeds. Treatment often involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, depending on the cancer’s stage and spread.

Paraneoplastic syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by substances released by some cancer cells that affect healthy tissues in the body. These symptoms are not due to the cancer growing or spreading but result from the cancer’s effects on other parts of the body. Recognizing paraneoplastic syndrome can help patients and caregivers understand changes that may be related to cancer beyond the tumor itself.

Paranoia is a mental health condition where a person feels strong fear and distrust of others, sometimes believing people want to harm them. In cancer care, these feelings can arise from stress, illness, or treatment effects, and recognizing them helps patients and caregivers seek needed emotional support. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The parapharyngeal space is a deep, triangular area in the neck near the throat. It contains mostly fat, important blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and parts of a salivary gland. This space is important in understanding some head and neck conditions, including certain cancers. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A parasite is a tiny living organism, like an animal or plant, that lives on or inside another living being to get nutrients. Parasites can cause infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as some cancer patients. Knowing about parasites helps patients recognize symptoms and take steps to prevent infections during cancer care.

Parasite-cleansing diets are nutrition plans sometimes discussed in cancer care for their potential effects on digestion, immune health, inflammation, and treatment tolerance. These diets are not proven cancer treatments and may carry risks, especially for patients with complex health needs. It’s important to talk with your healthcare team before trying such diets to understand if they are safe or helpful for your situation.

Parasitic describes something related to a parasite—an organism that lives on or inside another living being to get nutrients. In cancer care, parasitic infections can affect health or treatment because cancer and its therapies may weaken the immune system. Understanding this term helps patients recognize when parasites might influence their care or require specific treatments.

Parasomnia refers to unusual behaviors or disruptions during sleep, such as sleepwalking, sleep talking, nightmares, bedwetting, breathing problems like sleep apnea, or nighttime seizures. These sleep disturbances can affect rest and may be important to discuss with your healthcare team, especially during cancer care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of your body's automatic nervous system that helps slow your heart rate, narrow your pupils, widen blood vessels, increase digestive juices, and relax muscles in your digestive tract. It works to calm your body, support digestion, and promote rest and recovery. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Parathormone, also called parathyroid hormone or PTH, is made by small glands in the neck called the parathyroid glands. It helps control calcium levels in the blood and bones, which are important for bone strength, muscle function, and nerve signals. High levels of parathormone can cause too much calcium in the blood and may indicate a health problem.

Parathyrin, also called parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone, is made by small glands in the neck called the parathyroid glands. It helps control calcium levels in the blood and bones, which are important for bone strength, muscle function, and nerve signals. Changes in parathyrin levels can affect calcium balance and may signal health issues.

Parathyroid cancer is a very rare cancer that starts in one or more of the four small parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands produce a hormone that controls calcium levels in the body. Most parathyroid tumors are not cancerous, but when cancer occurs, it needs careful diagnosis and treatment to manage calcium levels and overall health.

The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands located on the thyroid gland in the neck. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps control calcium levels in the blood. Problems with these glands can cause calcium imbalances and, rarely, parathyroid cancer. Understanding these glands is important because calcium levels affect many body functions and can influence cancer care.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is made by four small glands in the neck called parathyroid glands. It helps control calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and bones. Too much or too little PTH can cause problems with calcium balance, which may affect bone strength, muscles, and nerves. Changes in PTH and calcium levels can be linked to certain health conditions, including some cancers or their treatments.

Parathyroid hyperplasia is when the four small parathyroid glands in the neck become larger than usual. This can cause them to produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to high calcium levels in the blood, calcium loss from bones, and related problems like weak or broken bones. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Parathyroidectomy is surgery to remove one or more of the small parathyroid glands located near the thyroid in the neck. These glands help control calcium levels in the body. This procedure may be done to treat overactive glands, tumors, or to manage calcium problems related to cancer or other health conditions.

Parenchyma is the part of an organ made up of the cells and tissues that perform its main functions. In cancer care, understanding parenchyma helps explain how tumors affect an organ’s working tissue and why treatments aim to protect healthy function. The exact meaning can vary depending on the organ involved.

Parenteral nutrition (IV nutrition) is a way to provide nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein when a person cannot eat or absorb food normally. It bypasses the digestive system and can supply all or part of the nutrition needed to stay healthy. It is used when eating by mouth is not possible or enough, especially during cancer treatment.

Parenteral nutrition, also called IV nutrition, is a way to provide nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein when a person cannot eat or absorb food normally. It is used during cancer treatment when eating by mouth or using the digestive system is not possible or enough to meet nutritional needs. This method helps keep the body strong and prevent malnutrition.

Paresthesia is an unusual skin sensation like burning, tingling, or prickling that happens without anything touching the area. It can occur in people with cancer due to the disease or as a side effect of treatment. Knowing about paresthesia helps patients describe symptoms and talk with their care team. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Paricalcitol is a medicine like vitamin D used to treat overactive parathyroid glands, especially in people with kidney failure. It helps control hormone levels that affect calcium in the body. While mainly for kidney-related issues, paricalcitol is also being studied for possible use in cancer care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Parietal cell vagotomy is a surgery that cuts specific branches of the vagus nerve to lower stomach acid production. It is mainly used to treat stomach ulcers or other conditions where too much acid harms the stomach lining. This helps protect the stomach and supports healing. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The parietal pericardium is the outer layer of a thin, protective sac called the pericardium that surrounds the heart. It helps protect the heart and keeps it in place inside the chest. This term may come up in heart-related health discussions, including some cancer care situations where the heart or nearby tissues are involved.

The parietal peritoneum is a thin, smooth tissue layer that lines the inside walls of the abdomen and pelvis. It acts as a protective covering for these areas and supports the organs inside. This term often appears in discussions about cancers or treatments involving the abdominal or pelvic regions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Parkinson disease is a nervous system disorder that slowly worsens over time. It causes symptoms like shaking (tremors), stiff muscles, slower movements, a bent posture, and a face that looks less expressive. Knowing about Parkinson disease can help patients and caregivers understand how it might affect daily life and medical care.

The PARN gene makes a protein that helps control how genes work and protects the ends of chromosomes called telomeres. Changes in this gene can cause a rare inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which affects skin, nails, and mouth lining, and may increase risks for bone marrow problems, lung scarring, and some cancers.

Parotid gland cancer is a rare cancer that starts in one of the two largest salivary glands located near the ears. These glands produce saliva to help with chewing, swallowing, and keeping the mouth clean. Symptoms may include a lump near the ear or cheek, pain, or facial weakness. Treatment often involves surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.

Parotidectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the parotid gland, a large salivary gland located near the ear. It is often done to treat tumors or other problems affecting the gland. Sometimes the entire gland is removed, which is called a radical parotidectomy. The surgery may affect facial nerves, so understanding the procedure helps patients prepare and discuss recovery with their care team.

Paroxetine Hydrochloride, also known as Paxil, is a medication used to treat depression and anxiety. It belongs to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In cancer care, it may be prescribed to help manage emotional health during diagnosis, treatment, or recovery. It may also appear under related names such as Paxil.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder where red blood cells break down too easily because of missing protective proteins. This can cause symptoms like blood clots and dark red or brown urine, often noticed in the morning. PNH may develop after aplastic anemia and raises the risk of certain blood cancers such as acute myelogenous leukemia.

PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) is an enzyme inside cells that helps repair damaged DNA. DNA damage can happen naturally or from things like sunlight, radiation, or some cancer treatments. Drugs called PARP inhibitors block this enzyme to help stop cancer cells from fixing their DNA, which may make treatments more effective. PARP is important in understanding some cancer therapies and clinical trials.

PARP inhibitors are medicines that block an enzyme called PARP, which helps repair damaged DNA in cells. By stopping this repair, these drugs make it harder for cancer cells to fix their DNA, leading to their death. PARP inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy used to treat certain cancers, especially those with specific genetic changes like BRCA mutations.

PARP Inhibitor AZD2281, also called olaparib or Lynparza, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain prostate, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps cancer cells repair damaged DNA, which can cause the cancer cells to die. It may be used alone or with other treatments and is often linked to genetic testing for specific gene changes.

PARP-1 is an enzyme inside cells that helps repair damaged DNA. DNA damage can happen naturally or from things like sunlight, radiation, and some cancer treatments. Medicines called PARP inhibitors block PARP-1 to make it harder for cancer cells to fix their DNA. These drugs are being studied and sometimes used to treat certain cancers, especially those with specific gene changes.

PARP-1 inhibitor ABT-888, also called veliparib, is a drug being studied to treat certain breast cancers linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene changes. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps repair damaged DNA in cells, which may cause cancer cells to die. Researchers are also exploring its use in other cancers, but it is not yet a standard treatment.

PARP-1 inhibitor AG014699, also called rucaparib or Rubraca, is a targeted cancer medicine used mainly to treat certain prostate and ovarian cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps cancer cells repair damaged DNA, which may cause cancer cells to die or stop growing. This drug is often used when cancers have specific genetic changes and is being studied for other cancers as well.

Parsley is a common herb often mentioned in cancer-related discussions because of its possible effects on immune function, inflammation, metabolism, symptom relief, and detoxification. While some people explore parsley for cancer prevention or support during treatment, there is no proven evidence that it treats or cures cancer. Patients should always discuss any use of parsley or related supplements with their healthcare team.

Partial cystectomy, also called segmental cystectomy, is surgery to remove only part of the bladder, the organ that stores urine. This procedure is used to treat bladder cancer or other bladder problems affecting a limited area. It aims to remove the affected section while keeping as much of the bladder as possible to preserve bladder function.

A partial hysterectomy is surgery that removes the uterus but leaves the cervix in place. Also called subtotal or supracervical hysterectomy, this procedure may be used to treat certain conditions, including some cancers. Knowing this term helps patients understand which parts of the reproductive system were removed and what follow-up care might involve.

A partial laryngectomy is surgery that removes part of the larynx, or voice box, to treat cancer. It aims to remove the tumor while preserving as much voice and swallowing function as possible. The amount removed depends on the tumor’s size and location. This surgery is one step in cancer care and may be followed by other treatments and rehabilitation.

Partial mastectomy is surgery that removes a breast cancer tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue, but not the entire breast. It may also include removing lymph nodes under the arm to check for cancer spread. Known by other names like lumpectomy or breast-conserving surgery, this approach aims to treat cancer while preserving most of the breast.

Partial nephrectomy is surgery that removes only part of a kidney or a kidney tumor, instead of the whole kidney. It is often used to treat kidney tumors while keeping as much healthy kidney tissue as possible. This helps preserve kidney function and may reduce side effects compared to removing the entire kidney.

Partial oophorectomy is a surgery that removes part of one or both ovaries. It is done to treat or diagnose ovarian conditions, including some cancers, while trying to keep as much healthy ovarian tissue as possible. This helps preserve hormone production and fertility when possible. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) is a way to provide some nutrition directly into the bloodstream through a vein when a person cannot get enough nutrients by eating. It bypasses the digestive system and is usually used short-term to support people who have trouble absorbing food due to illness or cancer treatment side effects.

Partial radical vulvectomy, also called modified radical vulvectomy, is surgery to remove most—but not all—of the vulva, which includes the external female genital organs like the vaginal lips and the opening to the vagina. The clitoris may be spared. Sometimes, lymph nodes in the groin are also removed to check for cancer spread. This surgery aims to treat vulvar cancer while preserving as much normal tissue and function as possible.

Partial remission, also called partial response, means that cancer has shrunk or decreased in the body after treatment. It shows that the treatment is having some effect, but the cancer has not completely disappeared. This term helps describe how well cancer is responding to therapy. It may also appear under related names such as Partial Response.

Partial Response, also called Partial Remission, means that cancer has gotten smaller or less widespread after treatment. It shows that the treatment is having some effect, but the cancer has not completely disappeared. This term helps patients and caregivers understand how well a cancer treatment is working. It may also appear under related names such as Partial Remission.

Partial vulvectomy is a surgery that removes part of the vulva, which includes the external female genital organs like the clitoris and vaginal lips. It targets an affected area, often due to cancer or abnormal tissue, along with a small margin of healthy tissue to help treat or diagnose the condition while preserving as much normal tissue as possible.

Partial-breast irradiation is a type of radiation therapy that targets only the part of the breast where cancer was found or removed. It delivers higher doses of radiation over a shorter time than standard whole-breast radiation. This treatment can use radiation from outside the body or from sources placed inside the breast near the cancer site. It is sometimes called accelerated partial-breast irradiation.

Passive antibody therapy is a treatment where antibodies made outside the body—often in a lab or animals—are given by injection to help fight cancer or support the immune system. This therapy provides immediate but temporary help, unlike vaccines that prompt your body to make its own antibodies over time. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Passive immunity is protection you get by receiving antibodies made by someone else, not by your own body. For example, babies get antibodies from their mothers before birth or through breast milk. People can also receive antibody injections for quick protection. This type of immunity works right away but usually lasts only a few weeks or months.

A pastoral counselor is a trained person who supports patients and caregivers with spiritual and emotional concerns during cancer care. They help people cope with the mental and spiritual challenges that can come with diagnosis and treatment, offering comfort and guidance as part of a broader care team focused on overall well-being.

Patchouli is a bushy herb from the mint family known for its strong-smelling oil. This oil is commonly used in perfumes, incense, and hair products. While patchouli has traditional uses in some cultures to help prevent illness, it is not a proven treatment or preventive for cancer. Patients should use caution and discuss with their care team before using patchouli products during cancer treatment.

Paternal means related to the father or coming from the father’s side of the family. In cancer care, it often refers to genetic information or family history linked to the father’s relatives. Knowing about paternal factors can help doctors understand inherited cancer risks and guide decisions about testing, screening, or treatment.

Paterson-Kelly Syndrome, also known as Plummer-Vinson Syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia, is a condition caused by iron deficiency anemia. It leads to thin, web-like membranes forming in the throat, which can make swallowing difficult. This syndrome may increase the risk of esophageal cancer and is important to recognize in cancer care.

A pathogenic variant is a change in a gene’s DNA that can increase the risk of certain diseases, including cancer. These changes may be inherited or happen during a person’s life. Knowing about a pathogenic variant can help guide prevention, diagnosis, and treatment decisions, but having one does not always mean a person will develop the disease.

Pathognomonic describes a sign, symptom, or test result that is unique to a specific disease. In cancer care, it means a particular finding that clearly points to one diagnosis. While such signs are rare, understanding this term can help patients recognize when a test or symptom strongly suggests a certain cancer or condition. It’s important to discuss what it means in your own case with your healthcare team.

Pathologic complete remission means that after cancer treatment, no cancer cells are found in tissue samples taken during surgery or biopsy. A pathologist examines these samples under a microscope to check for any remaining cancer. This result helps doctors understand how well the treatment worked and may guide future care decisions.

Pathologic complete response means that after cancer treatment like chemotherapy or radiation, no cancer cells are found in tissue samples taken during surgery or biopsy. A pathologist examines these samples under a microscope to check if the cancer is gone. This result helps doctors understand how well the treatment worked.

A pathologic diagnosis is made by examining cells and tissues under a microscope to identify disease. In cancer, it reveals the cancer type, how abnormal the cells look (grade), and how far the cancer has spread (stage). This detailed diagnosis helps doctors decide the best treatment plan. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pathologic fracture is a bone break caused by disease, often when cancer spreads to the bone. Unlike typical fractures from injury, these breaks happen because the bone is weakened by illness. Recognizing this can help patients and caregivers understand how cancer affects bones and when to seek medical care.

Pathological stage describes how much cancer is in the body based on examining tissue samples under a microscope after surgery or biopsy. It helps doctors understand the size and spread of the cancer more precisely than imaging tests alone. This information guides treatment choices and helps predict how the cancer might behave.

Pathological staging is a way doctors find out how much cancer is in the body and how far it has spread by examining tissue samples taken during surgery or a biopsy under a microscope. This detailed look helps guide treatment decisions and gives a clearer picture of the cancer than imaging tests alone.

A pathologist is a doctor specially trained to examine cells and tissues under a microscope to find diseases like cancer. They study biopsy samples to confirm if cancer is present and provide important details that help your medical team decide on the best treatment. Although you may not meet them directly, their work is essential in diagnosing and planning cancer care.

A pathology report is a detailed medical document written by a pathologist after examining tissue or cells taken during a biopsy or surgery. It describes what was found under the microscope and helps doctors confirm a diagnosis, including cancer, and plan the best treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A patient advocate, also called a patient navigator, is someone who helps patients understand and manage their health care. They guide patients through screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, assisting with communication, appointments, and support services to make health care easier to handle. It may also appear under related names such as Patient Navigator.

Patient care costs are the expenses related to medical care for diseases like cancer. These include charges for doctor visits, hospital stays, lab tests, imaging scans, and standard treatments. If you join a clinical trial, routine care costs may also be included. Health insurance often helps cover some or all of these costs.

A patient navigator, also called a patient advocate, is someone who helps guide patients through the health care system. They assist with scheduling appointments, understanding medical information, and communicating with doctors. Their support makes it easier to manage care during screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, especially for complex conditions like cancer.

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is a method that lets patients manage their own pain relief. Using a small computerized pump connected to a tube in the body, patients press a button to receive a preset dose of pain medicine when needed. This helps provide timely and safe pain control, often used after surgery or during cancer treatment to improve comfort and independence.

A Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) is a sample of tumor tissue taken from a cancer patient and implanted into specially bred mice. Researchers use PDX models to study how tumors grow and to test cancer treatments before trying them in patients. This helps doctors and scientists learn which treatments might work best for individual patients and supports the development of new cancer drugs.

A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is information about a person’s health that comes directly from them. This includes how they describe symptoms, feelings, and how cancer or its treatment affects their physical, emotional, and social well-being. PROs help doctors understand the patient’s experience and improve care. It may also appear under related names such as PRO.

Pao Pereira (also spelled Pau Pereira) is a natural plant extract from the bark of the Geissospermum vellosii tree. It is part of the Beljanski Protocol, a group of botanical products promoted in some alternative cancer care settings. While laboratory studies suggest possible effects on cancer cells, there is no proven evidence that Pao Pereira is safe or effective for treating cancer in people.

The Paul Marik HAT Sepsis Protocol is a treatment approach that combines hydrocortisone (a steroid), vitamin C, and thiamine (vitamin B1) to support patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. It is not a cancer treatment but may be used in cancer care when patients develop serious infections during treatment. Patients should always ask their care team how this protocol applies to their individual situation.

Paxil, also called paroxetine hydrochloride, is a medicine used to treat depression and anxiety. It belongs to a group of drugs called SSRIs that help balance brain chemicals affecting mood. In cancer care, Paxil may be prescribed to support emotional well-being during diagnosis, treatment, or recovery, but it does not treat cancer itself.

Pazopanib hydrochloride (brand name Votrient) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) or advanced soft tissue sarcoma after other treatments. It works by blocking proteins that help tumors grow new blood vessels, which tumors need to survive. It is taken as a pill and is also being studied for other cancers.

Pao Pereira, sometimes called PB-100, is a natural extract from the bark of a South American tree. It is promoted in some alternative cancer care settings as part of the Beljanski Protocol. While laboratory studies suggest it may affect cancer cells, there is no proven evidence that Pao Pereira is safe or effective for treating cancer in people.

PBSCT, or Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant, is a treatment that replaces damaged blood-forming stem cells with healthy ones collected from the bloodstream. These stem cells can come from the patient or a donor. PBSCT helps the body rebuild its blood and immune system after high-dose cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.

The PC Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment that combines two drugs, carboplatin and paclitaxel (Taxol). It is often used to treat cancers such as ovarian, endometrial (uterine lining), head and neck, and advanced non-small cell lung cancer. This combination attacks cancer cells in different ways and is part of a broader cancer care plan.

PC-SPES, PC-HOPE, PC-CARE, and PC-PLUS are names for herbal supplement blends once discussed in cancer care, especially prostate cancer. They have been considered for symptom relief, nutrition support, and quality of life, but safety concerns arose when some products were found to contain unlisted prescription drugs. These supplements are not approved cancer treatments and should only be used under medical guidance.

PC-SPES, PC-HOPE, PC-CARE, and PC-PLUS are names for herbal supplement blends once promoted for prostate health and cancer care. They have been discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, and quality of life. However, safety concerns arose when some products were found to contain unlisted prescription drugs. These supplements are not approved cancer treatments and should only be used under medical guidance.

PC-SPES, PC-HOPE, PC-CARE, and PC-PLUS are names for herbal supplement blends once promoted for prostate health and cancer care. They have been discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, and quality of life. However, safety concerns arose when some products were found to contain unlisted prescription drugs. These supplements are not approved cancer treatments and should only be used under medical guidance.

PC-SPES is a blend of eight herbs once sold as a dietary supplement to support prostate health and treat prostate cancer. It was studied for possible effects but was removed from the U.S. market after some products were found to contain prescription drugs not listed on the label, raising safety concerns. PC-SPES is no longer legally available in the United States.

PC-SPES, PC-HOPE, PC-CARE, and PC-PLUS are names for herbal supplement blends once promoted for prostate health and prostate cancer care. They were discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, and quality of life. However, safety concerns arose when some products were found to contain unlisted prescription drugs. These supplements are not approved cancer treatments and should only be used under medical guidance.

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is a method that lets patients manage their own pain relief. Using a small computerized pump connected to a tube in the body, patients can press a button to receive a preset dose of pain medicine when needed. PCA helps provide timely pain control and is often used after surgery or during cancer treatment to improve comfort and reduce anxiety.

The PCA3 mRNA test is a urine test that measures genetic material from prostate cells. It helps doctors decide if a man with a high PSA blood test but a negative prostate biopsy might need another biopsy. The test compares levels of PCA3 mRNA and PSA mRNA, which tend to be higher in prostate cancer cells.

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are man-made chemicals once used in products like electrical equipment, paints, and pesticides. Although banned in the 1970s, PCBs can still be found in the environment. Exposure may cause skin problems and eye irritation, and long-term exposure to high levels has been linked to effects on body systems and a possible increased cancer risk.

Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare cancer that starts in lymph tissue within the brain, spinal cord, the coverings around the brain (meninges), or the eye. It mainly affects the central nervous system and can cause symptoms like headaches, seizures, or vision changes. Treatment often includes chemotherapy, radiation, and other therapies tailored to the individual’s health.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting women’s ovaries and hormone levels. It can cause irregular periods, difficulty getting pregnant, excess hair growth, acne, and weight gain. Women with PCOS may also have a higher risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and certain cancers like endometrial cancer.

A PCP, or primary care provider, is a doctor, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant who helps manage your overall health. They diagnose and treat common illnesses, provide preventive care like screenings and vaccines, and coordinate care with specialists when needed. Your PCP is often your first contact for health concerns and ongoing care.

PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, is a lab method that makes many copies of a tiny piece of DNA from a sample. This helps doctors detect specific gene changes or infections, even when only a small amount of DNA is present. PCR is often used in cancer care to find genetic mutations or to identify infections during diagnosis and treatment.

PCT, or porphyria cutanea tarda, is a rare skin condition that causes painful blisters and fragile skin on sun-exposed areas like the hands, arms, and face. It may also cause skin color changes, increased facial hair, redness, and swelling. PCT can affect the liver and may raise the risk of liver cancer. It usually appears in adults over 30 and can be linked to infections, genetics, or lifestyle factors.

PCV is a chemotherapy treatment that combines three drugs—procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), and vincristine—to treat certain brain tumors. It is often given with radiation therapy to help control cancer growth by attacking cancer cells in different ways. It may also appear under related names such as PCV Regimen. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The PCV regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—procarbazine, lomustine (also called CCNU), and vincristine—mainly used to treat certain brain tumors. It is often given with radiation therapy. These drugs work together by attacking cancer cells in different ways to help control tumor growth. It may also appear under related names such as PCV.

PD-1 is a protein on immune cells called T cells that helps keep the immune system balanced by acting like a brake. Some cancer cells use PD-1 to avoid being attacked. Certain cancer treatments block PD-1 to help the immune system better recognize and fight cancer cells. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

PD-L1 is a protein found on some normal cells and often in higher amounts on certain cancer cells. It acts like a brake on the immune system by stopping immune cells from attacking. Some cancer treatments block PD-L1 to help the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells more effectively.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. It starts in the cells of the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes. PDAC often grows quietly without early symptoms and is usually found at a later stage, which can make treatment more challenging. It may also appear under related names such as Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

PDGF, or platelet-derived growth factor, is a group of molecules released by blood platelets that help heal wounds and support the growth of new blood vessels. PDGF plays a natural role in repairing tissues and may be mentioned in cancer care because tumors sometimes use these signals to grow. Understanding PDGF can help patients learn how some treatments work to slow cancer growth by targeting blood vessel formation.

The PDGFRA gene makes a protein that helps cells grow and survive. Changes in this gene, called mutations, can be found in some cancers like gastrointestinal stromal tumors and certain blood cancers. Testing for PDGFRA mutations helps doctors diagnose these cancers and choose the best treatment options. It may also appear under related names such as Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Gene.

PDQ (Physician Data Query) is a trusted online resource from the National Cancer Institute that provides up-to-date, accurate information about cancer. It covers topics like treatment, prevention, genetics, supportive care, and more. PDQ helps patients, caregivers, and health professionals find reliable cancer information to support informed decisions. It may also appear under related names such as Physician Data Query.

PDX, or patient-derived xenograft, is a research method where tumor tissue from a cancer patient is implanted into special mice. This helps doctors and scientists test treatments on the tumor outside the patient’s body to learn which therapies might work best before giving them to the patient. It may also appear under related names such as Patient-Derived Xenograft.

Peak exposure is the highest amount of a substance or radiation a person encounters at one time. It highlights moments when exposure is especially strong, which can sometimes affect health risks, including the chance of developing certain diseases. Understanding peak exposure helps patients and caregivers recognize when extra attention or monitoring might be needed.

Chinese Weevils (Ulomoides dermestoides) are small darkling beetles also called peanut beetles, cancer beetles, or gorgojo chino. They are sometimes used in traditional or alternative medicine, including a practice called coleotherapy where live beetles are swallowed. These beetles are not approved cancer treatments, and their safety and effectiveness remain unproven. Patients should discuss any interest in them with their healthcare team.

Chinese Weevils (Ulomoides dermestoides), also called peanut beetles or cancer beetles, are small beetles used in a folk practice known as coleotherapy. This involves swallowing live beetles with the belief they may help treat conditions like cancer or asthma. However, there is no strong scientific evidence that this practice is safe or effective, and it is not part of standard cancer care.

Peau d'orange is a term used to describe breast skin that looks dimpled or pitted, similar to an orange peel. This skin change can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer, a rare and aggressive breast cancer that causes redness and swelling. It can also occur with infections or other conditions, so medical evaluation is important.

PEB is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used in children to fight certain malignant germ cell tumors outside the brain. It combines three drugs—cisplatin, etoposide phosphate, and bleomycin—that work together to kill cancer cells. This combination is often called the PEB regimen and is used for tumors in places like the ovaries, testicles, or other areas outside the brain.

The PEB Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—cisplatin, etoposide phosphate, and bleomycin—mainly used in children to treat certain malignant germ cell tumors outside the brain. These drugs work together to attack cancer cells in different ways, aiming to improve treatment effectiveness. It may also appear under related names such as PEB.

PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) is a rare type of tumor that can develop in soft tissues such as the stomach, intestines, lungs, and reproductive or urinary organs. Most PEComas are benign, meaning they are not cancer. They are sometimes linked to a genetic condition called tuberous sclerosis, especially in children.

Pediasure is a special nutritional drink made for children who cannot get enough nutrients from regular food and drinks. It provides important calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals to support growth and health. Pediasure can be given by mouth or through a feeding tube placed in the nose or directly into the stomach or intestines, helping children who have trouble eating or absorbing nutrients.

Pediatric means anything related to children, especially their medical care. In cancer, it refers to cancers that occur in children and the special treatments designed for them. Pediatric cancer care is different from adult care and involves experts trained to support children and their families through diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.

Pediatric cancer, also called childhood cancer, refers to cancers that develop in children from birth up to 14 years old. These cancers are rare and often behave differently from adult cancers. Common types include leukemia, brain and spinal cord tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor. Treatment requires specialized care tailored to children’s unique needs.

A pediatric gastroenterologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat digestive system problems in children. They care for issues involving the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and related organs. They also help children with feeding, swallowing, and nutrition concerns like malnutrition or obesity. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pediatric hematologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat blood disorders in children. These include conditions like anemia, clotting problems, and blood cancers such as leukemia. They work closely with families to explain test results, guide treatment, and support children throughout their care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pediatric intensivist is a doctor specially trained to care for children who are very sick or injured, often working in a hospital’s pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). They use advanced treatments and closely monitor children with serious health problems, coordinating care with other specialists to support the child’s recovery during critical illness.

A Pediatric Nurse Specialist is a registered nurse with advanced training who focuses on caring for children, including those with cancer. They have special skills to support children’s unique health needs and work closely with families and medical teams to provide expert, child-centered care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pediatric oncologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat cancer in children. They focus on cancers common in kids and tailor treatments to support young patients’ growth and health throughout their cancer journey. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Pediatric polymeric enteral nutrition formula is a special nutritional drink designed to help children who cannot get enough nutrients from regular foods and drinks. It can be given by mouth or through a feeding tube placed in the nose or directly into the stomach or intestines. A common brand name for this formula is PediaSure.

A pediatric surgeon is a doctor specially trained to perform surgery on infants, children, and teenagers. They understand the unique needs of young patients and often help treat conditions like cancer by removing tumors or repairing affected body parts. Pediatric surgeons work closely with other specialists to provide safe and effective surgical care tailored to children’s growth and recovery.

A pediatrician is a doctor specially trained to care for the health of babies, children, and teens. They prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses and injuries, support growth and development, and help families manage health concerns. In cancer care, pediatricians work alongside cancer specialists to support the child’s overall well-being during and after treatment.

A pedicle flap is a type of breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy. It uses skin, fat, muscle, and blood vessels moved from another body area, like the back or abdomen, to create a new breast shape while keeping the tissue’s blood supply connected. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pedigree is a family tree diagram that shows how family members are related. In medicine, it also displays patterns of certain genes or diseases in the family. This helps doctors understand if health conditions like cancer might run in your family and guides decisions about testing, screening, or prevention.

Pedmark, also called sodium thiosulfate anhydrous, is a medicine given to children aged 1 month and older to help protect their hearing during treatment with the chemotherapy drug cisplatin. It is used for certain solid tumors that have not spread and works as a chemoprotective agent to reduce the risk of hearing loss caused by cisplatin.

Pedunculated describes a growth or body part attached by a narrow stalk or stem-like structure called a peduncle. In cancer care, this term often refers to tumors or polyps that hang from a small base, which can influence how they are examined or removed. It simply describes the shape and does not indicate if the growth is cancerous or benign.

The peer review process is how experts carefully check cancer research and grant applications to make sure they are accurate and trustworthy. This helps ensure that new cancer treatments and studies are based on solid science before being shared or funded, giving patients and doctors more confidence in the information.

A peer-reviewed scientific journal is a publication where scientists share new research that has been carefully checked by other experts. This review process helps ensure the information is accurate and trustworthy. In cancer care, these journals provide important updates about research and treatments that doctors and patients use to make informed decisions.

PEG, or polyethylene glycol, is a substance made by linking molecules of ethylene oxide and water. It can be a liquid or waxy solid. In medicine, PEG is used in ointments to soothe skin, in medicines to help them stay longer in the body, and as a laxative to relieve constipation, which can be important for people undergoing cancer treatment.

A PEG tube is a thin, flexible tube placed through the skin of the abdomen directly into the stomach. It helps deliver medicines, fluids, and liquid nutrition when swallowing or eating by mouth is difficult. It also allows air and fluids to leave the stomach, reducing discomfort. This feeding method is called enteral nutrition. It’s also known as a gastrostomy tube or percutaneous endoscopic tube.

PEG-asparaginase (also called Oncaspar or Pegaspargase) is a medicine used with other drugs to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children. It works by breaking down a nutrient cancer cells need to grow. It is often used when the cancer is new or when patients cannot take regular asparaginase. Researchers are also studying it for other cancers.

PEG-Intron is a medication that contains peginterferon alfa-2b, a protein that helps the immune system respond to infections. It was once used to treat chronic hepatitis C but is no longer available in the United States. Knowing about PEG-Intron can help when reading older medical records or cancer-related information involving immune system treatments.

PEG-MGDF, also called PEG-rhMGDF or polyethylene glycosylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor, is a lab-made protein studied to help increase platelet counts in patients receiving chemotherapy. Platelets are blood cells important for clotting. PEG-MGDF is not a diagnosis or standard treatment but a term you might see in reports or discussions about managing low platelets during cancer care.

PEG-Rhmgdf, also called PEG-MGDF, is a lab-made protein studied to help increase platelet counts in people receiving chemotherapy. Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. PEG-Rhmgdf is not a diagnosis or standard treatment but a term you might see in medical reports or discussions about managing low platelets during cancer care.

Pegaspargase, also known as Oncaspar or PEG-Asparaginase, is a medicine used with other drugs to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children. It works by breaking down asparagine, a nutrient cancer cells need to grow. Pegaspargase stays in the body longer than some similar drugs, which can affect how often it is given during treatment.

Pegasys, also known as peginterferon alfa-2a, is a medication originally used to treat hepatitis C and B infections. It is a lab-modified protein that helps the immune system respond to viruses. Pegasys is also being studied and sometimes used in cancer care, especially for certain blood-related cancers. Patients should always discuss with their care team how this drug relates to their specific situation.

Pegfilgrastim is a medicine used to help prevent infections in people receiving chemotherapy that lowers white blood cell counts. It works by helping the bone marrow make more white blood cells, especially neutrophils, which fight infection. Pegfilgrastim stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. It is known by brand names like Neulasta, Fulphila, Nyvepria, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.

Peginterferon alfa-2a, sold under the brand name Pegasys, is a medication that helps the immune system fight viral infections like hepatitis B and C. It is also sometimes used in cancer care, especially for certain blood cancers. Pegasys is given as an injection under the skin and can cause side effects such as tiredness, headaches, and flu-like symptoms. Patients should always discuss how this medicine applies to their care with their healthcare team.

Peginterferon alfa-2b is a lab-made protein that helps the immune system respond to infections and diseases. It has been used to treat certain blood disorders and viral infections and studied in cancer care for its immune effects. It is important to discuss with your healthcare team how this drug relates to your specific treatment, as its use and availability vary.

Pegylated arginine deiminase, also called ADI-PEG 20, is an experimental treatment being studied for cancers like melanoma and liver cancer. It works by breaking down arginine, an amino acid some tumors need to grow. This treatment aims to slow cancer growth by reducing arginine levels but is not yet a standard therapy.

PEI, also called alcohol ablation, ethanol ablation, or percutaneous ethanol injection, is a treatment that uses a needle to inject alcohol directly into a tumor through the skin. Guided by imaging like ultrasound or CT scans, this method helps destroy cancer cells in a targeted, less invasive way. It may be used to control or shrink certain tumors, especially when surgery is not an option.

PEITC, or Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, is a natural compound found in some cruciferous vegetables like watercress. It is being studied for its possible role in helping prevent certain cancers. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Pelargonium, also known as Geranium, is a flowering plant native to southern Africa. Its leaves produce an essential oil with a rose-like scent used in perfumes, mosquito repellents, and aromatherapy. In cancer care, the term may appear in reports or discussions, but it is important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Peldesine is a substance currently being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It is not yet approved for routine use and is still under research to understand its effects and safety. If you hear about peldesine, it usually relates to experimental therapies or clinical trials exploring new options for cancer care.

Pelitinib, also known as EKB-569, is a drug being studied to treat some types of cancer. It works by blocking certain proteins called EGFR that may be found in higher amounts on some cancer cells. Blocking these proteins might help stop cancer cells from growing or kill them. Pelitinib is not yet a standard treatment and is still under research.

Pelvic refers to the area of the body below the abdomen between the hip bones. In women, it includes reproductive organs like the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and vagina. Pelvic exams help check these organs for health issues, including cancers and infections, often before symptoms appear. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A pelvic exam is a physical check of a woman’s reproductive organs, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It helps detect signs of disease, such as cervical cancer or infections, even when there are no symptoms. During the exam, your provider may also collect cells for tests like a Pap smear to screen for cervical cancer and other conditions.

Pelvic exenteration is a major surgery that removes several organs from the lower pelvis to treat advanced or recurrent cancers. It often involves removing the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, depending on the cancer’s location. This surgery is usually considered only when less extensive treatments are not enough to control the disease. Patients should discuss with their care team what this surgery means for their specific situation.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections. PID can cause pain, fever, and unusual discharge, but sometimes has no symptoms. Early treatment with antibiotics is important to prevent serious problems like infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

Pelvic lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located in the pelvis that help filter lymph fluid. In cancer care, these lymph nodes near a tumor may be surgically removed to check if cancer has spread. Understanding this term in context is important, so patients and caregivers should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is surgery to remove lymph nodes from the pelvic area. These lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. This procedure helps doctors understand if cancer has spread beyond its original site. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery relates to their specific situation, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

The pelvic wall is made up of muscles and ligaments lining the area between the hips. In some cancers, such as stage IVA bladder or cervical cancer, cancer may spread to the pelvic wall. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss how cancer has spread and what it means for treatment with their care team.

The pelvis is the lower part of the body between the abdomen and thighs. It includes bones that connect the spine to the legs and protects organs like the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum. In cancer care, the pelvis is important because it contains organs where cancers can develop and may be involved in surgeries or treatments.

Pemazyre, also known as pemigatinib, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain types of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) and some blood cancers that have specific changes in FGFR genes. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or reports and should discuss its meaning and role with their care team.

Pembrolizumab, also known as Keytruda, is an immunotherapy drug used to help the immune system fight many types of cancer. It works by blocking a protein called PD-1, which cancer cells use to hide from immune cells. Pembrolizumab is given through an intravenous infusion and is approved to treat cancers that have certain genetic features or express the PD-L1 protein, especially when other treatments have not worked.

Pemetrexed disodium, also known by brand names like Alimta and Pemfexy, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain lung cancers and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It works by blocking cancer cells from using folic acid to make DNA, which helps slow or stop cancer growth. It may be used alone or with other medicines.

Pemfexy is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain lung cancers and malignant pleural mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining around the lungs. It works by blocking cancer cells from using folic acid to make DNA, which they need to grow. Pemfexy may be used alone or with other medicines and is also being studied for other cancers. It is also known as Alimta, LY231514, and pemetrexed disodium.

Pemigatinib, also known by the brand name Pemazyre, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain types of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) and some blood cancers that have specific changes in FGFR genes. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and spread. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug fits their treatment plan.

Penclomedine is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called alkylating agents, which work by affecting cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. Penclomedine is not yet a standard treatment but is part of ongoing research to find new ways to fight cancer. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Penectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the penis, often done to treat penile cancer or other serious medical conditions. Many patients who have a partial penectomy report sexual function similar to before surgery. Because this surgery is rare, support may be limited locally, but sexual health specialists and cancer support networks can help.

Penetrance describes how likely it is that a person with a gene mutation linked to cancer will actually develop signs or symptoms of the disease. Not everyone with such a mutation will get cancer. Understanding penetrance helps patients and caregivers know that having a mutation raises risk but does not guarantee illness. It’s important to discuss what penetrance means for you personally with your healthcare team.

Penicillamine is a medication mainly used to treat Wilson’s disease, a rare condition where copper builds up in the body. It works by binding to copper and helping remove it through urine. It can also be used for some types of arthritis and other conditions. Common side effects include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in taste. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Penicillin is a type of antibiotic medicine used to treat bacterial infections. In cancer care, patients may be prescribed related antibiotics like amoxicillin to prevent or treat infections because cancer and its treatments can weaken the immune system. It’s important to understand penicillin in context and talk with your healthcare team about how it applies to your care, especially if you have allergies to penicillin or related medicines.

Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that forms in the skin or tissues of the penis, most often on or under the foreskin. It usually begins in flat cells lining the penis and can often be cured when found early. Some infections, like human papillomavirus (HPV), and certain conditions may increase the risk. Treatment options and clinical trials are available to help manage this disease.

A penile implant is a medical device surgically placed inside the penis to help men with erectile dysfunction (difficulty getting or keeping an erection). It can be a firm rod or an inflatable device that allows an erection suitable for sexual activity. Penile implants are one of several treatment options and are usually considered when other treatments have not worked or are not suitable.

The penis is the external male reproductive organ that carries urine and semen out of the body. It can be involved in certain cancers, such as penile cancer, which is rare but often curable when found early. Understanding this term in cancer care helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis, treatment, and side effects with their healthcare team.

Penpulimab is a medicine used to treat certain types of cancer, including some forms of nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Penpulimab is approved in China and the United States for specific cancer treatments and is being studied in clinical trials for other cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team how penpulimab might apply to their treatment.

Pentam (also called pentamidine isethionate) is a medication used to treat certain infections, including Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in people with weakened immune systems, leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis. It can be given by injection or inhalation. Pentam may cause side effects like breathing problems, low blood counts, and allergic reactions. It is important to discuss its use and risks with your healthcare team.

Pentamidine isethionate (also called Pentam) is a medicine used to treat certain infections, including Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis. It is given by injection or inhalation and may cause side effects like breathing problems, low blood counts, and allergic reactions. It is important to discuss its use and risks with your healthcare team.

Pentetic Acid Calcium is a drug used in cancer care to help protect healthy tissues from the harmful effects of certain anticancer drugs. It may be part of treatment plans to reduce side effects and support safer chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better follow discussions about treatment safety.

Pentosan polysulfate is a medication mainly used to relieve bladder pain linked to interstitial cystitis. It may cause side effects like diarrhea, heartburn, and stomach pain. It is also being studied for other uses, including some rare diseases and joint problems in animals. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is not a diagnosis or a standard cancer treatment.

Pentostatin, also known by the brand name Nipent, is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat hairy cell leukemia and some cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It works by blocking a protein cancer cells need to grow, helping to slow or stop their spread. Patients may see this drug mentioned in treatment plans or medical reports and should discuss its role with their care team.

Pentoxifylline is a medicine tested for use in people with sarcoidosis, a condition involving inflammation and granuloma formation. It may be used alongside or instead of steroids like prednisone. Pentoxifylline can also help improve blood flow in certain artery problems and has been studied for other uses such as treating depression symptoms and male infertility. Patients should always discuss with their care team how this drug might apply to their specific situation.

PEP02, also known as irinotecan sucrosofate or Onivyde, is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat adults with advanced pancreatic cancer. It contains irinotecan inside tiny fat particles called liposomes, which may help the drug work better and cause fewer side effects than other forms of irinotecan. It is often combined with other chemotherapy medicines and may be given when other treatments have not worked.

Pepsin is an enzyme made in the stomach that helps break down proteins in food during digestion. It starts as an inactive form called pepsinogen, which stomach acid changes into active pepsin. If you see the word pepsin or pepsinogen in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it relates directly to diagnosis or treatment.

Pepsinogen is an inactive substance made by cells in the stomach. When it meets stomach acid, it changes into pepsin, an enzyme that helps break down proteins in food during digestion. If you see the word pepsinogen in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific health situation rather than assuming it relates directly to diagnosis or treatment.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or break in the lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), or sometimes the lower esophagus. It often causes burning stomach pain that may come and go. The most common causes are infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria and long-term use of certain pain medicines like aspirin or ibuprofen. Treatment usually involves antibiotics and medicines to reduce stomach acid.

Peptides are small molecules made of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. In cancer care, peptides are discussed because they may play roles in prevention, treatment, symptom relief, or recovery. Some therapies use peptides linked to radioactive substances to target cancer cells. However, evidence about their benefits and safety varies, so they should be considered carefully with your healthcare team.

Peptide 946 is a small piece of protein found only on melanoma cells, a type of skin cancer. It is being studied as part of vaccines designed to help the immune system recognize and attack melanoma cells. Discussions about Peptide 946 also appear in broader cancer care contexts, including immune support and symptom relief, but it is mainly experimental and not a standard treatment.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a targeted cancer treatment that uses a radioactive drug linked to a small protein (peptide) to find and treat certain tumors, especially neuroendocrine tumors. The radioactive peptide binds to specific receptors on cancer cells, delivering radiation directly to them while sparing most normal tissues. PRRT is often used when other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy are not enough.

Peptide Therapy involves using small protein-like molecules called peptides in cancer care. These therapies may support the immune system, reduce inflammation, help metabolism, relieve symptoms, or directly target cancer cells. Some peptide treatments link radioactive substances to peptides to deliver targeted radiation. Evidence about their safety and effectiveness varies, so patients should discuss peptide therapies carefully with their healthcare team before use.

Percutaneous means “through the skin.” It describes medical procedures or treatments done by passing a needle or tube through the skin to reach inside the body. This approach is often used to deliver medicine, drain fluids, or place tubes without needing large surgical cuts. If you see the word percutaneous in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

A percutaneous endoscopic tube, also called a gastrostomy tube or PEG tube, is a small, flexible tube placed through the skin of the abdomen directly into the stomach. It helps deliver medicines, fluids, and liquid nutrition when swallowing or eating by mouth is difficult. It also allows air and fluids to leave the stomach, reducing discomfort.

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) is a procedure to collect sperm directly from the epididymis using a thin needle through the skin. It helps men who have fertility problems caused by a blockage that prevents sperm from being ejaculated. The collected sperm can be used immediately for fertility treatments or frozen for later use. Patients should discuss with their care team how this procedure fits their individual situation.

Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI), also called alcohol ablation or ethanol ablation, is a treatment where doctors inject alcohol directly into a tumor through the skin. Using imaging like ultrasound or CT scans to guide the needle, this less invasive method helps destroy cancer cells. It may be used to control or shrink certain tumors, especially when surgery is not an option.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD), also called Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiodrainage (PTCD), is a procedure that drains bile when bile ducts are blocked. A thin tube (stent) is placed through the skin into the liver to help bile flow, relieving pressure and symptoms like jaundice. It is often done when other methods to open blocked bile ducts are not successful.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiodrainage (PTCD), also called Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage, is a procedure that helps drain bile when bile ducts are blocked. A thin tube is placed through the skin and liver to relieve pressure and symptoms like jaundice. It is often used when other methods to open blocked bile ducts are not successful.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays and a contrast dye injected through the skin into the liver to view the bile ducts. It helps doctors find blockages or problems in the bile ducts. Patients should discuss with their care team how this procedure relates to their specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Performance status is a way doctors measure how well a person with cancer can carry out everyday activities. It helps show general health and ability to do daily tasks. This information can guide treatment choices and clinical trial eligibility. Patients should ask their care team what their specific score means for their care, rather than interpreting the number alone.

Perfusion means the flow or bathing of an organ or tissue with fluid, often blood. In cancer care, it can refer to treatments like Continuous Hyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion (CHPP or HIPEC), where warm chemotherapy is circulated inside the abdomen during surgery to target cancer cells. It’s important to understand perfusion in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a special type of MRI scan that uses a safe injected dye to show how blood flows through tissues. This test helps doctors understand blood supply to areas like tumors, which can be important for diagnosis and treatment planning. It may also be called Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging. Your care team can explain how this test fits your situation.

Periampullary cancer is a rare cancer that starts near the ampulla of Vater, where the bile and pancreatic ducts join and empty into the small intestine. Common signs include yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), itching, abdominal pain, weight loss, and dark stools. Treatment often involves surgery, especially if the cancer is found early enough to be removed completely.

Pericardial effusion is a condition where extra fluid builds up in the sac around the heart. This fluid can press on the heart and make it harder for it to pump blood normally. It can happen because of cancer, cancer treatments, infections, injuries, or other health problems. If you hear this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Pericardial tamponade, also called cardiac tamponade, is a serious condition where extra fluid or blood builds up around the heart. This pressure keeps the heart from pumping enough blood to the body. It can happen due to cancer, infections, injuries, or treatments affecting the chest. Immediate medical care is needed to prevent life-threatening problems like shock or organ failure.

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac around the heart. It is often caused by infections but can also result from autoimmune conditions, cancer, or cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. The most common symptom is chest pain. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

The pericardium is a thin, fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It helps keep the heart in place, prevents infection, and allows the heart to move smoothly as it beats. In cancer care, the pericardium may be involved when fluid builds up around the heart or when treatments affect this area. Understanding what the pericardium is can help patients and caregivers ask the right questions about symptoms and treatments.

A pericytic tumor is a type of growth that starts in cells surrounding blood vessels. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may occur anywhere in the body, in both adults and children. Sometimes called perivascular tumors, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss its meaning with your healthcare team for your specific situation.

Perifosine is a drug that was studied for treating certain cancers, including colon cancer and multiple myeloma. It belongs to a group of drugs called alkylphospholipids. Clinical trials showed it was not effective for colon cancer, and further development was stopped. Patients should discuss with their care team what perifosine means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a current treatment option.

Perihilar bile duct cancer, also called a Klatskin tumor or perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare cancer that starts where the right and left bile ducts join just outside the liver. These bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. This cancer is a type of extrahepatic bile duct cancer, meaning it occurs outside the liver.

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, also called a Klatskin tumor or perihilar bile duct cancer, is a rare cancer that starts where the right and left bile ducts exit the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct. These bile ducts carry bile, a digestive fluid, from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. This cancer can block bile flow and cause symptoms like yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).

Perillyl alcohol is a natural substance found in plants like lavender. Researchers are studying it to see if it might help prevent or treat cancer. While it is not an approved cancer treatment, lavender oil containing perillyl alcohol is sometimes used in aromatherapy to help patients manage symptoms during cancer care. Patients should always ask their healthcare team how this term relates to their personal treatment.

Perimenopausal describes the years before menopause when a woman’s menstrual periods become irregular and symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, and vaginal dryness often begin. This phase usually lasts three to five years and signals the transition toward menopause. It’s important to understand this term in context and discuss what it means for each person with their care team.

Perimenopause Reset is a 28-day lifestyle and hormone-support program designed for women experiencing perimenopause. It combines hormone education, lifestyle changes, blood sugar and gut health support, environmental toxin reduction, fasting and exercise rhythms, and Christian devotional practices. In cancer care, it may be discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, treatment tolerance, or quality of life, but it is an educational approach, not a cancer treatment.

A perineal colostomy is a surgical opening made in the perineum—the area between the anus and genitals—that allows waste to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. It creates a new path for stool to exit when the usual route is no longer available. Patients should discuss with their care team how this applies to their specific situation.

The perineum is the area of the body between the anus and the genitals—between the anus and scrotum in males, and between the anus and vulva in females. It is an important part of the body that can be involved in certain medical conditions, including some cancers. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific situation.

Perineural refers to cancer cells growing around or invading small nerves near a tumor. This is called perineural invasion (PNI) and is different from perineural spread (PNS), which involves larger nerves and can be seen on scans. PNI is often found only under a microscope and may be linked to a higher risk of cancer coming back or spreading, especially in cancers like head and neck, prostate, and colorectal cancer.

Periodic neutropenia, also called cyclic neutropenia, is a long-term condition where the number of neutrophils—a type of white blood cell—goes up and down in regular cycles. When neutrophil levels drop, people may have symptoms like fever, mouth sores, and infections. Understanding this term in context and talking with your care team is important for managing health.

Perioperative refers to the time period around surgery, including before, during, and after the operation. In cancer care, this period involves special care to prepare patients for surgery, manage pain and safety during the procedure, and support recovery afterward. Understanding perioperative care can help patients and caregivers know what to expect and how to work with their care team.

Peripheral blood is the blood circulating throughout the body. In cancer care, especially for blood cancers like leukemia or lymphoma, doctors may discuss treatments involving peripheral blood stem cells. These stem cells can be collected from the bloodstream to help restore healthy blood cell production after intensive chemotherapy or radiation. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Therapy is a treatment sometimes used after organ or bone marrow transplants to help control infections like Epstein-Barr virus or to manage an overgrowth of certain white blood cells. It involves giving specific immune cells from a donor to support the patient’s immune system. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is not a diagnosis or a standard treatment for all patients.

A peripheral blood smear is a test where a small sample of blood is spread on a glass slide, stained, and examined under a microscope. It helps doctors count and look at different blood cells to check for abnormalities. This test is often used to help diagnose or monitor blood-related conditions, including some cancers. Always ask your care team what the test results mean for your specific situation.

A peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) is a procedure where healthy blood-forming stem cells are collected from the bloodstream and given to a patient. These stem cells help rebuild the blood and immune system after treatments like chemotherapy or radiation have damaged the patient’s own stem cells. PBSCT can use the patient’s own cells or cells from a donor and is often used to treat blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.

Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage that can cause numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness, often starting in the hands and feet. It is a common side effect of some cancer treatments, especially certain chemotherapy drugs. Managing these symptoms is important because they can affect daily activities and increase the risk of falls. If you notice symptoms, talk with your care team for support and safety advice.

Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (pPNET) is a rare type of cancer that usually starts in the bones or soft tissues. It is closely related to Ewing sarcoma and often affects children and young adults. These tumors can cause pain and swelling near the affected area. Understanding the different names for this cancer can help avoid confusion when reading medical reports or discussing treatment.

Peripheral stem cells are immature blood-forming cells found circulating in the bloodstream. A peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) is a procedure that replaces damaged or destroyed stem cells with healthy ones collected from the blood. This helps the body rebuild its blood and immune system after intense cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.

Peripheral Stem Cell Support, also called Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant (PBSCT), is a treatment that replaces damaged blood-forming stem cells with healthy ones collected from the bloodstream. It helps the body rebuild blood and immune cells after intensive cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation. The stem cells may come from the patient or a donor.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (also called mature T-cell lymphoma) is a rare, fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts in mature T-cells, a kind of white blood cell important for the immune system. It often affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues. Beleodaq (belinostat) is a medicine used to treat adults with this lymphoma when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned.

A peripheral venous catheter is a small, flexible tube placed into a vein, usually in the hand or arm, to give medicines, fluids, or draw blood. It is the most common type of intravenous access used in medical care. While generally safe, it can sometimes cause complications like infection or irritation. Patients should ask their care team how this device relates to their own treatment.

A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC or PICC line) is a thin, flexible tube placed into a vein in the arm and threaded to a large vein near the heart. It provides long-term intravenous access for treatments like chemotherapy, antibiotics, or nutrition, helping avoid repeated needle sticks over weeks or months.

Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle movement that pushes food and other contents through the digestive tract. It happens mostly in the small intestine but also occurs in parts of the large intestine. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand peristalsis in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual health, rather than seeing the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

The peritoneal refers to the peritoneum, a thin tissue lining the inside of the abdomen and covering many abdominal organs. It helps protect and support these organs and contains a small amount of fluid that allows them to move smoothly. Disorders involving the peritoneum include inflammation, cancer spread, and complications from treatments like dialysis. Understanding this term can help patients better follow discussions about abdominal cancers and related treatments.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a condition where cancer cells spread to the lining of the abdomen and the organs inside it. It most often occurs with cancers of the ovary, colon, rectum, stomach, pancreas, or appendix. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it applies to their specific situation, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

The peritoneal cavity is the space inside the abdomen that holds organs like the intestines, stomach, and liver. It is lined by thin membranes and contains a small amount of fluid to help organs move smoothly. In cancer care, treatments like Continuous Hyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion (CHPP or HIPEC) may be used to deliver heated chemotherapy directly into this space to target cancer cells that have spread within the abdomen.

Peritoneal fluid is a small amount of liquid found in the abdomen that helps lubricate the tissues lining the abdominal wall and covering organs. It allows organs to move smoothly against each other. Doctors may test this fluid to check for infections, inflammation, or cancer, especially in conditions like ovarian cancer or peritonitis.

Peritoneal infusion, also called intraperitoneal infusion, is a way to deliver fluids or medicines directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. This method is sometimes used in cancer care to target treatments inside the abdomen, especially when cancer affects the lining of the abdomen. It’s important to ask your care team how this applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Peritoneal perfusion, often called CHPP or HIPEC, is a cancer treatment used during surgery for cancers that have spread to the lining of the abdomen (the peritoneum). It involves circulating warm chemotherapy drugs inside the belly to help kill cancer cells left after tumor removal. This treatment is part of a combined approach and is not a diagnosis or a standalone cure.

Peritoneal washing is a procedure used during surgery to check for cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity, the space in the abdomen that holds organs like the intestines, stomach, and liver. It helps doctors see if cancer, often from the ovary or uterus, has spread. Patients should ask their care team how this test relates to their own situation.

The peritoneum is a thin tissue lining that covers the inside of your abdomen and most of the organs there. It helps protect these organs and allows them to move smoothly. In cancer care, the peritoneum can be involved when cancer spreads inside the belly. Treatments like surgery and special heated chemotherapy (called CHPP or HIPEC) may be used to target cancer cells on this lining.

Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue lining the inside of the abdomen and covering many abdominal organs. It can cause severe abdominal pain, swelling, fever, and tenderness. Peritonitis may result from infection, injury, or diseases, and it requires prompt medical attention to prevent serious complications. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) is a rare tumor that can develop in soft tissues of organs like the stomach, intestines, lungs, and reproductive or urinary systems. Most PEComas are benign, meaning they are not cancer. Sometimes, they are linked to a genetic condition called tuberous sclerosis. Treatment options vary depending on whether the tumor is benign or malignant.

A perivascular tumor, also called a pericytic tumor, is a growth that starts in cells surrounding blood vessels. These tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) and may occur anywhere in the body, in both adults and children. It’s important to understand this term in context and discuss its meaning with your healthcare team for your specific situation.

Perjeta (also called pertuzumab) is a targeted therapy drug used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. It is given with other medicines to patients whose cancer has spread or to shrink tumors before surgery. Perjeta works by blocking a protein called HER2 that helps cancer cells grow. It may also be combined with other drugs in a different form to treat breast cancer.

Pernicious anemia is a condition where the body cannot absorb enough vitamin B12, leading to low red blood cell levels. It happens because the stomach doesn’t produce enough intrinsic factor, a protein needed to absorb vitamin B12. If untreated, it can cause serious health problems and may increase the risk of certain cancers, including stomach cancer. People with pernicious anemia should discuss their individual risks and care with their health team.

The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Pathway, also called the PPAR Gamma Pathway, is a group of proteins inside cells that help control how certain genes work and how the body uses fats and sugars. Changes in this pathway may be linked to diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers are studying drugs that affect this pathway to help prevent or treat these conditions.

A Personal Health Record (PHR) is a collection of your health information that you keep and manage yourself. It can include details about allergies, illnesses, surgeries, immunizations, test results, medications, and health habits. Sometimes called personal history or personal medical history, a PHR helps you track your health over time and share important information with your healthcare team. It is not the same as medical records kept by doctors or hospitals.

Personal History, also called a personal health record or personal medical history, is a collection of information about your past and current health. It includes details like allergies, illnesses, surgeries, immunizations, and test results. Understanding your personal history helps your healthcare team make informed decisions about your care. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Personal Medical History is a record of your past and current health information, including illnesses, surgeries, allergies, medications, and health habits. It may also be called Personal Health Record, Personal History, or PHR. This information helps you and your healthcare team understand your health and guide care decisions. It may also appear under related names such as Personal Health Record, Personal History, And PHR.

Personalized Genomic Nutrition Plans are diet or nutrition approaches tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup, discussed in cancer care for supporting nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These plans may be used alongside conventional cancer treatments but require careful review by healthcare providers to ensure safety and appropriateness.

Perturbation is a word you might see in cancer-related information. It means a disruption or disturbance. Its exact meaning depends on the context, such as test results, treatment plans, or symptoms. It is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Always ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Pertussis, also called whooping cough, is a contagious bacterial infection that starts like a common cold but leads to severe coughing fits and difficulty breathing. It can cause vomiting and broken blood vessels in the eyes or skin. Vaccines help prevent pertussis, but symptoms may still occur, especially in infants and those with weaker immunity. If you see this term in medical information, ask your care team what it means for you or your loved one.

Pertuzumab (brand name Perjeta) is a targeted therapy drug used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. It is given with other medicines to help stop cancer growth in early, locally advanced, or metastatic breast cancer. Pertuzumab works by blocking a protein called HER2 on cancer cells, helping to slow or stop their growth. It can be given before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to reduce the chance of cancer returning.

Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase (brand name Phesgo) is a combination medicine used to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer. It is given as an injection under the skin and works by targeting the HER2 protein on cancer cells. This treatment can be used before or after surgery and for breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

Pesticides are substances used to kill or control pests like insects, weeds, or fungi. Some pesticides have been linked to cancer risk, while others may appear in discussions about cancer prevention or treatment support. Patients with cancer should talk with their healthcare team before considering any testing or approaches related to pesticides, as exposure and effects can vary widely.

A PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography scan) is a special imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive material to help doctors find cancer and see how it is behaving in the body. It highlights areas where cells are more active, which can show tumors or cancer spread. PET scans often combine with CT scans for detailed pictures.

A PET-CT scan is a medical imaging test that combines two technologies—positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT)—to create detailed pictures inside the body. It helps doctors find cancer, see if it has spread, plan treatment, and check how well treatment is working. The scan is painless and done using a special machine that takes pictures of both body structure and activity.

Pet-Facilitated Therapy, also called Animal-Assisted Therapy, uses trained animals like dogs to help people with cancer feel better emotionally and physically. It can reduce stress, anxiety, and pain during diagnosis, treatment, or follow-up. This therapy supports medical care but does not replace cancer treatments. It is one of many supportive care options aimed at improving quality of life during cancer care.

A PET-MRI scan is a medical test that combines two imaging methods—positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It helps doctors find and understand diseases like cancer, plan treatments, and check how well treatments are working. The scan uses a small amount of radioactive tracer and strong magnets to highlight abnormal areas and show detailed tissue images.

Petechiae are tiny, flat red or purple spots under the skin caused by small blood vessels bleeding. They often appear in clusters and are usually less than 3 millimeters wide. Petechiae can happen for many reasons, including physical strain, infections, or low platelet counts. If you notice these spots, it’s important to ask your healthcare team what they mean for your specific health situation.

Petrolatum, also known as petroleum jelly, is a thick, greasy substance made from petroleum. It is commonly used on the skin to prevent dryness and help heal minor scrapes and burns. It may also be found as a base ingredient in some ointments. When you see the term petrolatum, it’s important to understand it in context and ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Petroleum jelly, also called petrolatum, is a thick, greasy substance made from petroleum. It is used on the skin to prevent dryness and help heal minor scrapes and burns. It also serves as a base ingredient in many ointments and skin care products. Patients may see the term in medical notes or treatment plans related to skin care during cancer treatment.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic condition that causes many noncancerous growths called polyps in the digestive tract and dark spots on the skin, especially around the mouth. People with PJS have a higher risk of developing several types of cancer, including cancers of the stomach, intestines, breast, pancreas, ovaries, lungs, and cervix. It is often linked to changes in a gene called STK11.

Pevonedistat is an experimental cancer drug that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE), which helps cells divide. By blocking this enzyme, pevonedistat may slow or stop cancer cells from growing. It is a type of targeted therapy being studied in clinical trials. Patients should discuss with their care team how pevonedistat might relate to their specific treatment plan.

Pexidartinib hydrochloride, also known as Turalio, is a medicine used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT), a rare, usually non-cancerous tumor that affects the joints. It is prescribed when surgery is unlikely to help. This drug works by blocking certain proteins that help tumor cells grow. Pexidartinib is only available through a special safety program called Turalio REMS.

PF-00299804, also known as dacomitinib or Vizimpro, is a medication used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread and has specific changes in the EGFR gene. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. This drug is approved for first-line treatment in patients with these mutations and is being studied for other cancers. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their situation.

PF-3512676, also known as CpG 7909 or Promune, is a substance being studied as a treatment for some types of cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called biological response modifiers that work by stimulating the immune system to help the body fight cancer. It is not yet a standard treatment and is usually seen in clinical trials or research settings.

PFIC, or Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis, is a rare inherited liver disorder that causes a buildup of bile in the liver. This can lead to liver damage, liver failure, and may increase the risk of liver cancer. It usually appears in infants and children and is caused by changes in certain genes that affect how the liver works.

PFS, or progression-free survival, is the length of time during and after cancer treatment that a patient lives with the disease without it getting worse. It is often used to measure how well a treatment is working. Understanding PFS can help patients and caregivers discuss treatment progress and options with their healthcare team.

A PFT, or pulmonary function test, is a breathing test that measures how well your lungs work. It checks how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly air moves in and out, and how well oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Doctors use PFTs to diagnose lung problems and to monitor lung health during treatments, especially if cancer or its treatment might affect breathing.

PG stands for prostaglandin, a group of hormone-like substances made by the body that help control processes like blood pressure and muscle contractions. In cancer care, you might hear about prostaglandins or related medications like alprostadil, especially when managing side effects after prostate cancer treatment. Understanding these terms can help you follow your care plan and discuss symptoms or treatments with your healthcare team.

PGE1, also known as alprostadil or prostaglandin E1, is a medication that helps relax blood vessels to improve blood flow. It is often used to treat erectile dysfunction, especially in men who have difficulty after prostate cancer surgery. You might see this term in medical records or treatment plans related to managing sexual side effects after cancer treatment.

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is, on a scale from 0 to 14. In cancer care, understanding pH can relate to treatments, supportive care, or nutrition. It’s important to discuss with your care team how pH applies to your specific situation rather than interpreting the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment.

The pH Miracle, also called the New Biology Protocol, is an alternative care approach that combines diet changes, supplements, tests, procedures, coaching, and follow-up. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care to support treatment or improve quality of life. Because cancer patients have special health needs, it’s important to review this protocol with your healthcare team before starting it to ensure safety and coordination with your current care.

The pH Miracle, also called the New Biology Protocol, is an alternative health approach that combines diet changes, supplements, tests, procedures, coaching, and follow-up care. Sometimes discussed in cancer care to support treatment or improve quality of life, it should always be reviewed with your healthcare team before use to ensure safety and coordination with your current care.

PHA-739358 is a drug being studied for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to divide, which may help stop tumor growth and cause cancer cells to die. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment recommendation.

PHACE syndrome is a rare condition seen mostly in infants, especially girls, marked by a large hemangioma (a benign blood vessel tumor) on the face, head, or neck. It may also involve problems with the brain, heart, eyes, and large blood vessels. Symptoms can include developmental delays, hearing or thyroid issues, and migraines. Diagnosis often involves imaging tests to check for related abnormalities.

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that help protect the body by engulfing and removing harmful particles, bacteria, and dead cells. They play an important role in the immune system, including helping to clear cell debris and support immune responses during cancer diagnosis and treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Phagocytosis is a natural process where certain immune cells, called phagocytes, surround and digest harmful substances like bacteria, dead cells, and debris. This helps keep the body healthy by removing threats and damaged tissue. In cancer care, phagocytosis plays a role in fighting infections and supporting the immune system. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Phantom limb pain is the feeling of pain or discomfort in a limb or part of a limb that has been surgically removed, often after amputation related to cancer treatment. It is a common experience for some patients and can vary in intensity and type of sensation. Managing this pain is an important part of recovery and rehabilitation.

A pharmacist is a healthcare professional trained to prepare and give prescription medicines safely. They understand how drugs work, their side effects, and how to use them properly. In cancer care, pharmacists help manage medications, support treatment plans, and answer questions about medicines and side effects. They are part of the healthcare team working with doctors and nurses to support patients and caregivers.

Pharmacogenetics (also called pharmacogenomics) is the study of how a person’s genes affect their response to medicines. It helps doctors learn ahead of time which drug or dose might work best for someone. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it applies to you, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan by itself.

Pharmacogenomics (also called pharmacogenetics) is the study of how your genes affect your body’s response to medicines. It helps doctors predict which drugs or doses might work best for you, aiming to personalize treatment. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, ask your care team how it applies to your care rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug moves through the body over time. It looks at how the drug is absorbed, spread through the body, broken down, and removed. For patients, understanding pharmacokinetics helps explain how medicines like romidepsin (used in some lymphomas) work and why doctors choose certain doses and schedules.

A pharmacologic substance, also called an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or drug substance, is the main part of a medicine that produces its intended effect. In cancer care, this is the chemical that fights cancer cells or helps manage symptoms. Medicines also contain other ingredients that do not treat the disease. Knowing about the pharmacologic substance helps patients understand what part of their treatment is actively working.

Pharmacology is the science that studies drugs—where they come from, how they work, and their effects on the body. It helps researchers understand how medicines can treat diseases and what side effects they might cause. For patients, it’s important to ask your care team how pharmacology relates to your specific treatment rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or a particular drug.

A pharmacopoeia is an official book that lists medicines and chemicals, describing how they are identified and used. It is prepared by recognized authorities and helps ensure medicines meet quality standards. For patients, understanding this term means asking your care team how it relates to your treatment rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or specific therapy.

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the ongoing process of monitoring the safety of medicines after they are approved for use. It involves collecting and reviewing reports of side effects or other problems to help keep patients safe. This helps doctors and regulators spot new risks and improve how medicines are used. It may also appear under related names such as PV.

Pharyngeal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the pharynx, the hollow tube in the neck behind the nose and mouth. It includes cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Common signs include a sore throat that won’t go away, a lump in the neck, ear pain, or trouble swallowing. Risk factors include tobacco, heavy alcohol use, and infections like HPV or Epstein-Barr virus. Diagnosis often involves exams, imaging, and biopsy.

Pharyngectomy is surgery to remove all or part of the pharynx, the hollow tube in the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe and esophagus. It is often done to treat certain types of throat cancer. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment.

The pharynx, or throat, is a hollow muscular tube behind the nose and mouth that helps carry air to the lungs and food to the stomach. In cancer care, cancers can develop in different parts of the pharynx, affecting symptoms and treatment. Understanding where the pharynx fits in your diagnosis can help you ask your care team the right questions and better understand your care plan.

A phase 1 clinical trial is the first step in testing a new treatment in people. It focuses on finding out if the treatment is safe, what side effects it may cause, and the best dose and schedule to use. These trials usually involve a small number of patients who have not responded to other treatments. Sometimes healthy volunteers take part. Phase 1 trials help doctors learn how a new treatment affects the body before it is tested more widely.

A Phase 1/Phase 2 clinical trial is a research study that tests a new treatment’s safety, side effects, and best dose, as well as how well it works against a certain type of cancer or disease. It combines early testing (Phase 1) with a focus on treatment response (Phase 2), often speeding up research while using fewer patients. The term may appear as Phase I/II clinical trial, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

A Phase 2 Clinical Trial is a research study that tests whether a new treatment works for a specific type of cancer or disease. It also gathers more information about the treatment’s safety and how it affects the body. Patients usually receive the highest dose found safe in earlier testing. This term may appear as Phase II Clinical Trial or combined with Phase 1 as Phase 1/Phase 2 Clinical Trial. Always ask your care team what it means for you.

A Phase 2/Phase 3 clinical trial is a research study that tests how well a new treatment works for cancer or other diseases. It also looks at the safety and side effects of the treatment. Combining phases 2 and 3 can help answer important questions faster or with fewer patients. This term may appear as Phase II/III clinical trial, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for you.

A Phase 3 Clinical Trial is a research study that tests how well a new cancer treatment works compared to the current standard treatment. These trials also look at safety and side effects and usually include hundreds of people. Treatments typically reach this stage only after earlier phases show promise. The term may appear as Phase III Clinical Trial, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for you.

A Phase 4 Clinical Trial, also called a post-marketing surveillance trial, is a study done after a new treatment has been approved and is available to patients. These trials involve many people and focus on finding side effects that might appear over time and on understanding how well the treatment works in the long run. Patients should ask their care team how this applies to their situation.

A Phase I Clinical Trial is the first step in testing a new treatment in people. It focuses on finding out if the treatment is safe, what side effects it may cause, and the best dose and schedule to use. These trials usually involve a small number of patients who have not responded to other treatments, and sometimes healthy volunteers take part.

Phase I detoxification is a process in the liver where enzymes change toxic substances, like some anticancer drugs, into less harmful forms that the body can more easily remove. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team how it relates to individual treatment, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

A Phase I/II clinical trial is a research study that tests a new treatment’s safety, side effects, best dose, and how well it works against a specific cancer or disease. It combines early safety testing (Phase I) with a focus on treatment response (Phase II), often speeding up research while using fewer patients. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your care.

A Phase II clinical trial is a research study that tests whether a new treatment works for a specific type of cancer or disease. It also gathers more information about the treatment’s safety and how it affects the body. Patients usually receive the highest dose found safe in earlier testing. This phase helps doctors learn if the treatment might be helpful enough to study further.

Phase II detoxification is a process in the liver where harmful chemicals, including some drugs, are changed into less harmful forms. This helps the body safely remove these substances. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their specific situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

A Phase II/III clinical trial is a research study that tests how well a new treatment works for cancer or other diseases. It also looks at the treatment’s safety and side effects. Combining phases II and III can help answer important questions faster or with fewer patients. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A Phase III Clinical Trial is a large research study that compares a new cancer treatment to the current standard treatment. These trials look at how well the new treatment works, its safety, and side effects, usually involving hundreds of people. Treatments reach this phase only after earlier studies show promise. The term may appear as Phase III or Phase 3 Clinical Trial, and it helps guide future cancer care decisions.

A Phase IV Clinical Trial, also called a post-marketing surveillance trial, is a study done after a new cancer treatment or drug has been approved and is available to patients. These trials involve many people and focus on finding side effects that might appear over time and on understanding how well the treatment works in everyday use.

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a natural compound found in some cruciferous vegetables like watercress. It is being studied for its possible role in helping prevent certain cancers. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Phenobarbital is a medication used to treat seizures and to help calm or sedate patients. It belongs to a group of drugs called barbiturates. It is often used for seizures in newborns and young children and may be studied for other uses in cancer care. Because it can cause drowsiness and other side effects, it’s important to discuss with your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

Phenol, also called carbolic acid, is a poisonous chemical made from tar and found in some plants and essential oils. It has been used to make plastics, medicines, and disinfectants. In cancer care, you might hear about phenol when discussing chemical safety, ingredients in products, or research. Knowing its names and uses can help you understand medical information, but it does not mean it is part of your treatment or causes cancer.

Phenothiazine is a chemical compound whose derivatives have been used in medicine for many purposes, including treating mental health conditions, nausea, and infections. Some phenothiazine-related drugs help with severe nausea or psychiatric symptoms. The term can appear in medical discussions, but its meaning depends on the specific context. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their care rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Phenotype means the physical traits and behaviors you can see or measure in a person, like height, eye color, or blood type. It results from a mix of your genes and your environment, such as diet or exercise. In cancer care, understanding phenotype helps explain how genetic and lifestyle factors might affect health. Always ask your care team how this term relates to your specific situation.

Phenoxodiol is a substance studied for its potential use in cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called signal transduction inhibitors, which may affect how cancer cells grow. Patients may hear about phenoxodiol in educational materials or treatment discussions, but it is important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation.

Phenylacetate is a chemical substance related to phenylacetic acid and phenyl acetate. It is being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Phenylbutyrate is a drug being studied for various medical uses, including some cancers and genetic disorders. It helps the body remove excess nitrogen and may affect how certain cells grow or develop. It is not yet a standard cancer treatment, and patients should discuss its meaning and role with their care team.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited disorder where the body cannot properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. This can cause symptoms like light skin and hair, skin rashes, seizures, developmental delays, and behavioral or mental health problems. Babies are routinely screened at birth to detect PKU early. While there is no cure, PKU can be managed with a special diet low in phenylalanine to help prevent serious complications.

Phenytoin Sodium, also known by the brand name Dilantin, is a medication used to prevent or treat seizures. It is often prescribed for people with epilepsy, after brain surgery, or during treatment for brain tumors to help control sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans and should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that forms in the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys. These tumors often cause the glands to produce too much adrenaline, leading to symptoms like high blood pressure, headaches, sweating, and heart palpitations. While usually not cancerous, some pheochromocytomas can be malignant and may require specialized treatments, including targeted radiation therapy.

Pheresis, also called apheresis, is a medical procedure that removes certain parts of your blood, such as stem cells or abnormal cells, using a machine. The rest of your blood is returned to your body. It is often used in cancer care to collect blood stem cells before a stem cell transplant or to manage blood-related conditions.

Phesgo is a combination medicine containing pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase used to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer. It is given as a quick injection under the skin and can be used before or after surgery, as well as for breast cancer that has spread. This treatment targets the HER2 protein on cancer cells to help stop their growth and support the immune system in fighting cancer.

The Philadelphia chromosome is an abnormal chromosome found in many people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and some other blood cancers. It forms when parts of two chromosomes swap places, creating a gene that causes cancer cells to grow uncontrollably. Testing for this chromosome helps doctors diagnose CML and plan treatment, including targeted medicines designed for this genetic change.

Philadelphia Chromosome Positive describes cancer cells that have an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome. This genetic change is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and some with other blood cancers. Knowing if cancer is Philadelphia chromosome positive helps doctors plan treatment, often using targeted medicines like Bosulif (bosutinib) that block cancer growth.

Philosophical relates to a person’s basic beliefs, ideas, and attitudes about life. In medical care, especially cancer care, it can influence decisions about treatments and advance directives. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team what this term means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein, often causing redness, swelling, pain, and warmth, usually in the legs. It can happen due to infection, injury, or irritation, such as from a small tube called a peripheral venous catheter used to give medicines or fluids. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a specific problem or treatment.

Phlebotomy, also called blood draw or venipuncture, is a common procedure where a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually in the arm. In cancer care, blood draws help doctors diagnose the disease, check blood counts, and monitor how treatments are working. The procedure is quick and generally safe, and the term may appear under different names in your medical records or reports.

Phlegm is a thick mucus made by the cells lining the airways and lungs. It naturally drains down the back of the throat and can be swallowed safely. Phlegm often increases with infections, irritation, or lung conditions, causing coughing or chest discomfort. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand phlegm in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual health, rather than treating the word alone as a diagnosis or treatment.

A phobia is an extreme, often irrational fear of certain objects or situations. In cancer care, agoraphobia—a fear of places where escape might be difficult—can affect a patient’s ability to attend appointments or treatments. Understanding phobias helps patients and caregivers recognize how anxiety might impact cancer care and encourages open conversations with the healthcare team about support options.

Phosphate is a form of phosphorus found naturally in the body, especially in bones and teeth. It plays important roles in cell function and energy use. In cancer care, phosphate levels and supplements may be part of treatment or supportive care. If you see the word phosphate in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase, also called PI3 Kinase or PI3K, is an enzyme inside cells that helps send signals controlling cell growth and survival. Some cancers have higher levels of this enzyme, which can affect how cells grow. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Phospholipids are fats that contain phosphorus and are a major part of the membranes that surround all cells. They help form the structure of cell membranes and play important roles in how cells work. In cancer care, phospholipids may be mentioned in relation to certain drugs or biological processes. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

A phospholipid complex is a chemical or drug attached to a fat molecule containing phosphorus. These complexes are part of cell membranes and can be involved in cancer-related treatments or research. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Phosphonoformate Trisodium, also known as Foscarnet Sodium or Foscavir, is an antiviral medicine used to treat infections caused by herpesviruses. It is often given to people with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS or cancer, to help control infections that other drugs may not work against. It is usually given through an IV and requires careful monitoring for side effects.

Phosphoric refers to substances containing phosphorus, such as phosphoric acid, a common chemical used in industry and food. In cancer care, the term may appear in discussions about homeopathic remedies like those in the Banerji Protocol, which use natural substances including phosphorus compounds. Patients should always ask their care team how 'phosphoric' relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Phosphoric acid is a chemical containing phosphorus, commonly used in industry and as a flavoring in soft drinks. In cancer care, the term 'phosphoric' may appear in discussions about homeopathic remedies or research involving tiny particles called exosomes. It’s important to ask your healthcare team how this term relates to your care, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Phosphorus is a mineral found in your blood, muscles, nerves, bones, and teeth. It plays an important role in providing energy to your cells and keeping your bones strong. In cancer care, phosphorus levels may be checked along with calcium and vitamin D to monitor bone health, especially if treatments affect your bones or vitamin D use.

Phosphorus P 32 is a radioactive form of phosphorus that releases radiation to damage cells’ DNA, which can cause cells to die. It has been used in the past to treat certain blood disorders and types of leukemia but is not commonly used today. Patients should discuss with their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

Phosphorylation is a natural process where a small chemical group called a phosphate is added to a molecule, such as a protein or sugar. This process helps control many cell activities, including how cells grow and respond to signals. In cancer care, phosphorylation can affect how cancer cells behave and respond to treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

Photoactivity refers to the way some cancer drugs become active when exposed to light, allowing them to target and kill tumor cells. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific treatment rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Photocoagulation is a laser treatment used to seal or destroy blood vessels in the eye. It helps prevent worsening of some eye conditions and reduces the risk of future vision loss but cannot restore vision already lost. It is commonly used for certain retinal disorders, including diabetic eye disease, and may sometimes be used to target blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment that uses a special drug activated by light to kill cancer cells. The drug, called a photosensitizer, collects in cancer cells and becomes active when exposed to a specific type of light. PDT is often used for certain skin cancers, precancers, and some lung and esophageal cancers. It is usually done as an outpatient procedure and may be combined with other treatments.

Photofrin, also known as Porfimer Sodium, is a drug used in cancer treatment called photodynamic therapy. It works by being absorbed by cancer cells and then activated by a special light to help kill those cells. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how Photofrin applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment plan.

Photon beam radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or gamma rays from a machine called a linear accelerator. These rays pass through the body to reach and treat tumors. It is different from proton beam therapy. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Photopheresis, also called extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), is a procedure where blood is taken from the body, treated with a special drug and ultraviolet (UV) light, and then returned. It is used or studied for certain blood and bone marrow diseases, including some types of lymphoma and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Patients should talk with their care team to understand how it applies to their care.

Photophobia is a medical symptom where the eyes become unusually sensitive to light, causing discomfort or pain. It can happen due to eye problems, neurological or psychiatric conditions, or as a side effect of some medications. People with photophobia may find normal indoor or outdoor lighting uncomfortable and may need to adjust their environment or use special lenses to reduce light sensitivity.

Photosensitivity is when the skin reacts unusually to sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) light, often causing rash, sunburn, or irritation. It can happen because of certain medicines, medical conditions like lupus or xeroderma pigmentosum, or treatments such as radiation therapy. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

A photosensitizer is a special drug used in photodynamic therapy, a cancer treatment that uses light to activate the drug. When the photosensitizer collects in cancer cells and is exposed to a specific kind of light, it becomes active and helps kill those cells. This treatment is often used for certain skin, lung, and esophageal cancers and is usually done without an overnight hospital stay.

A photosensitizing agent is a medicine that makes certain cells sensitive to light. When these cells absorb the drug and are exposed to a special light, the medicine becomes active and helps destroy abnormal or cancerous cells. This type of drug is used in treatments like photodynamic therapy to target early skin changes or help doctors see cancer cells during surgery.

Photosynthesis is the natural process plants use to turn sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugars. In cancer care, diets rich in chlorophyll—the green pigment involved in photosynthesis—are sometimes discussed for their potential to support nutrition, reduce inflammation, and help patients tolerate treatment. These diets are not proven cancer treatments and should be discussed with your healthcare team.

Phototesting is a special skin test that checks how your skin reacts to ultraviolet (UV) light. It is often used to see if cancer drugs taken by mouth make your skin more sensitive to sunlight or UV radiation. This test helps doctors understand if you might have skin reactions like hives caused by UV exposure. Always ask your care team how phototesting relates to your personal care.

Phototherapy, also called light therapy, uses specific types of light to treat medical conditions. In cancer care, it may be used for symptom relief, supporting recovery after treatments, or as part of skin cancer therapies. Different light sources like lasers or LEDs can be used, with LED therapy often preferred for safety. Always discuss phototherapy with your healthcare team to ensure it fits your treatment plan.

Phototoxicity is a condition where the skin or eyes become very sensitive to sunlight or certain types of light, often causing sunburn, blisters, or other skin problems. It can happen after taking some medicines or using certain skin products. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

PHP, or panhypopituitarism, is a rare condition where the pituitary gland stops producing most or all of its hormones. These hormones help control many body functions. Symptoms vary depending on which hormones are missing and can include fatigue, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and reproductive problems. It may be caused by tumors, injury, surgery, radiation, or inherited factors. In cancer care, understanding PHP is important because treatments or tumors near the pituitary can affect hormone levels.

PHR stands for Personal Health Record, Personal History, or Personal Medical History. It is a collection of your health information, such as allergies, illnesses, surgeries, medications, and test results. PHR helps you and your care team keep track of your health but does not replace medical advice or treatment decisions. Always ask your healthcare providers how PHR applies to your care.

The phrenic nerve is a key nerve that runs from the neck to the diaphragm, the muscle that helps you breathe. It controls the diaphragm’s movement, allowing it to contract and relax. Understanding the phrenic nerve is important in some cancer treatments and surgeries, especially those involving the chest or neck. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS) is a group of inherited conditions where many benign (non-cancer) growths called hamartomas develop in parts of the body like the skin, mouth, and digestive tract. People with PHTS may also have a higher risk of certain cancers, including breast, thyroid, and kidney cancers. The condition is caused by changes in the PTEN gene and may be known by related names such as Cowden syndrome.

Phyllodes tumor, also called cystosarcoma phyllodes or CSP, is a rare tumor that grows in the connective tissue of the breast. Most are benign (not cancer), but some can be borderline or malignant. These tumors tend to grow quickly and can become large, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body. Surgery is the usual treatment, though the tumor can sometimes come back.

A physiatrist, also called a physical medicine specialist, is a doctor trained to help people recover and improve function after illness or injury. They use physical methods like exercise, therapy, and sometimes machines to treat problems affecting muscles, bones, nerves, and the brain. Physiatrists often lead teams of therapists and other specialists to support patients’ rehabilitation and quality of life.

Exercise or physical activity means moving your body in ways that use energy. It includes planned activities like walking or strength training, as well as everyday movements like gardening or housework. For people with cancer, staying active can help reduce pain, fatigue, stress, and treatment side effects, and improve overall quality of life alongside medical care.

Physical dependence is when your body gets used to a medicine over time, and stopping it suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms. This is a normal response to some medications, especially certain pain relievers used in cancer care. Physical dependence is different from addiction, which involves strong cravings and behaviors to seek drugs. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

A physical examination is a hands-on check by a healthcare provider to look for signs of illness or health problems. It often includes questions about your health history and a careful look and feel of your body. Physical exams help doctors understand your health and decide if further tests or treatments are needed. It’s important to ask your care team what the exam means for you personally.

A Physical Medicine Specialist, also called a physiatrist, is a doctor trained to help people recover and improve physical function after illness or injury. They use treatments like exercise, therapy, and sometimes machines to manage pain and improve movement. Physiatrists often lead teams of therapists and other specialists to support rehabilitation and quality of life, especially for patients facing challenges from cancer or its treatment.

A physical therapist is a healthcare professional who helps people improve movement and manage pain. They use exercises, massage, heat or cold treatments, and other methods to strengthen muscles and support recovery. In cancer care, physical therapists work with patients to maintain or regain mobility affected by the disease or its treatment.

Physical Therapy, also called Cancer Rehabilitation, helps people regain strength, movement, balance, and daily function after cancer treatments, surgery, or related health challenges. It supports recovery from effects like muscle weakness or limited mobility, improving quality of life during and after cancer care. If a record says to see Physical Therapy / Cancer Rehabilitation, that preferred term should usually be checked as well. It may also appear under related names such as Physical Therapy / Cancer Rehabilitation, Cancer Rehabilitation.

Physical Therapy, also called Cancer Rehabilitation, is care that helps people with cancer recover strength, movement, balance, and daily function affected by their illness and treatments. It uses guided exercises and therapy to improve physical abilities and quality of life during and after cancer care. It may also appear under related names such as Physical Therapy, Cancer Rehabilitation.

Physical Touch Methods, also called manipulative or body-based practices, are hands-on therapies where a trained therapist moves or adjusts parts of the body. Common examples include chiropractic care, physical therapy, and massage therapy. These methods may help relieve pain, reduce stress, and improve comfort during cancer care but do not treat cancer itself.

A physician is a medical doctor who is trained and licensed to diagnose, treat, and manage health conditions, including cancer. In cancer care, the attending physician coordinates important steps like diagnosis and treatment planning. You may also hear about Advanced Practice Providers, such as nurse practitioners or physician assistants, who work closely with physicians to support your care.

A Physician Assistant (PA) is a trained healthcare professional who works closely with doctors to provide medical care. PAs can take medical histories, perform exams, order tests, prescribe medications, and assist with treatments. They are often part of your cancer care team, helping to manage your diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up alongside doctors and nurses.

Physician Data Query (PDQ) is a trusted online resource from the National Cancer Institute that provides up-to-date, accurate information about cancer. It covers topics like treatment, prevention, screening, genetics, supportive care, and complementary medicine. PDQ helps patients, caregivers, and health professionals find reliable cancer information to support informed decisions. It may also appear under related names such as PDQ.

Physiologic refers to the normal functions and processes of the body. In cancer care, it often relates to how the body is working overall, such as when discussing a person’s “physiologic age,” which means their health status compared to their actual age. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask clear questions about health and treatment.

Phytic acid, also called inositol hexaphosphate or IP6, is a natural substance found mainly in plant-based foods like grains, legumes, and nuts. It stores phosphorus and minerals in plants and is made inside animal cells. Researchers are studying it for cancer prevention, but it is not an approved cancer treatment. Phytic acid can affect how minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc are absorbed in the body.

Phytochemicals are natural substances found in plants. Some may help reduce the risk of cancer, but their effects in the body are not fully understood. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to discuss how phytochemicals relate to individual health with the care team rather than viewing them as a diagnosis or treatment on their own.

Phytoestrogens are natural substances found in some plants that act like weak forms of estrogen, a hormone in the body. They are present in foods such as soy, beans, and clover sprouts. While phytoestrogens may have some effects on hormone-related cancers, their role is not fully understood. Patients should discuss with their care team how phytoestrogens might relate to their health or treatment.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a natural protein found in certain raw or undercooked beans, especially red and white kidney beans. It can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if eaten in sufficient amounts without proper cooking. In medicine, PHA is also used in research to stimulate immune cells. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation.

Phytol is a natural chemical found in plants and used to make vitamins E and K. It is also present in soaps, beauty products, and household items. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand phytol in context and ask healthcare providers how it relates to their care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Phytosterols, also called plant sterols, are natural substances found in plants that resemble cholesterol. They can help lower blood cholesterol by reducing how much cholesterol your intestines absorb. Some foods and supplements contain added phytosterols to support heart health. However, people with a rare genetic condition called phytosterolaemia should avoid them, as high levels can cause heart problems.

PI stands for Principal Investigator, the person responsible for leading a clinical trial or research study. The PI designs the study plan, oversees its progress, analyzes results, and reports findings. Knowing who the PI is can help you understand who is in charge of a research study or clinical trial you may be involved in.

PI-88 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called antiangiogenesis agents, which aim to block the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. If you see the term PI-88, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

PI3 Kinase, also called phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase or PI3K, is an enzyme inside cells that helps control cell growth and survival by sending signals. Some cancers have higher levels of this enzyme, which can affect how cells grow. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a family of enzymes inside cells that help control important functions like cell growth, survival, and movement. These enzymes send signals that can affect how cells grow and divide. In some cancers, PI3K activity is higher than normal, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. PI3K may also be called phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase or PI3 kinase in medical reports.

Picato, also known as Ingenol Mebutate Gel, is a medicine applied to the skin to treat actinic keratosis—rough, scaly patches caused by sun damage that can sometimes turn into skin cancer. It works by helping to kill abnormal skin cells. Due to safety concerns about increased skin cancer risk, its use has been suspended or withdrawn in some countries. Always ask your care team how this treatment relates to your care.

A PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) is a thin, flexible tube placed into a vein in the arm and threaded to a large vein near the heart. It provides long-term intravenous access for treatments like chemotherapy, antibiotics, or nutrition, helping avoid repeated needle sticks over weeks or months. It may also appear under related names such as Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that causes inflammation of a woman’s reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is usually caused by bacteria and can lead to serious problems like infertility or ectopic pregnancy if untreated. Treatment with antibiotics can help prevent these complications. It may also appear under related names such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Pigment is a substance that gives color to your skin, eyes, and hair. In cancer care, pigment matters because less pigment, as seen in conditions like albinism, can make skin more sensitive to sunlight and increase the risk of skin damage and certain skin cancers. Understanding pigment helps patients and caregivers recognize why sun protection and careful skin monitoring are important.

The PIK3CA gene makes a protein involved in cell growth. Changes (mutations) in this gene can make cancer cells grow faster. Some breast cancers have this mutation, and targeted drugs like alpelisib or inavolisib can block the protein to help control cancer growth. These treatments are for specific breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, and have the PIK3CA mutation.

Pilates and related movement disciplines are gentle exercises that focus on improving strength, flexibility, posture, and recovery. In cancer care, these practices may help manage symptoms, support recovery after surgery or chemotherapy, improve quality of life, and assist with treatment tolerance. They are considered complementary approaches and should be discussed with your healthcare team before starting.

Pilates and related movement disciplines are gentle exercises that focus on improving strength, flexibility, posture, and recovery. In cancer care, these practices may help manage symptoms, support recovery after surgery or chemotherapy, improve quality of life, and assist with treatment tolerance. They are considered complementary approaches and should be discussed with your healthcare team before starting.

Pilocarpine is a medication used to treat dry mouth caused by cancer treatments and to lower eye pressure in certain eye conditions. It works by stimulating saliva production and constricting the pupils. Pilocarpine eye drops can also help reduce glare after some eye surgeries and were recently approved to improve near vision in older adults. Patients should always discuss how pilocarpine applies to their care with their healthcare team.

Pilocytic refers to a type of brain tumor made up of cells that look like fibers under a microscope. Pilocytic astrocytomas most often occur in children and young adults and tend to grow slowly. Treatment usually involves surgery, which can relieve symptoms caused by the tumor, especially those related to increased pressure in the brain.

A pilot study is a small, early research study done to test if a new treatment or method is possible and safe before a larger study is started. It helps researchers learn about how long the study might take, what problems might happen, and how to improve the study design. Results from pilot studies are preliminary and do not prove that a treatment works.

PIN, or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, is a noncancerous change in the cells lining the prostate gland. While it is not cancer, having high-grade PIN may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. If you see this term in a medical report, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your individual health.

The pineal body, also called the pineal gland or pineal organ, is a tiny gland located deep in the brain. It produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep patterns. In cancer care, the term may appear when discussing tumors in this area. It’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

A pineal germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor found in the pineal gland, a small gland deep in the brain. Symptoms may include headaches, vision changes, nausea, and vomiting. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

The pineal gland, also called the pineal body or pineal organ, is a tiny gland located near the center of the brain. It produces melatonin, a natural hormone that helps regulate sleep patterns. In cancer care, the pineal gland may be mentioned in reports or treatment plans, so it’s important to understand its role and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

The pineal organ, also called the pineal gland or pineal body, is a tiny gland deep inside the brain. It produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep and wake cycles. In cancer care, this term may appear when discussing tumors or conditions affecting this small but important brain gland.

A pineal region tumor is a growth that forms in or near the pineal gland, a small organ deep in the center of the brain. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They are very rare and may be called pinealoma or other related names. Understanding the exact type and meaning of the tumor is important, so patients should discuss their specific diagnosis and treatment options with their care team.

A pinealoma is a rare tumor that forms in or near the pineal gland, a small part of the brain that helps regulate sleep. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The term pinealoma is sometimes used interchangeably with pineal region tumor. Because these tumors are uncommon and can vary, it’s important to talk with your care team about what the diagnosis means for you.

Pineoblastoma is a rare, fast-growing cancerous tumor that forms in the pineal gland, a small organ deep in the center of the brain. It often causes symptoms like headaches and behavior changes due to pressure on nearby brain areas. Because it is aggressive and can spread, diagnosis and treatment require careful medical evaluation. Patients should discuss what this diagnosis means for them with their care team.

Pineocytoma is a rare, slow-growing, non-cancerous tumor that develops in the pineal gland, a small organ deep in the center of the brain. Symptoms often come from pressure the tumor causes inside the brain, such as headaches, vision problems, nausea, and dizziness. Diagnosis usually requires a brain biopsy, and treatment may include surgery or radiation. It’s important to discuss what this diagnosis means for you with your care team.

Pinkeye, also called conjunctivitis, is when the clear layer covering the white part of the eye and inside the eyelids becomes red, swollen, or infected. In cancer care, it may need special attention because treatments like chemotherapy can weaken the immune system, making infections more likely or harder to treat. Recognizing pinkeye early helps manage symptoms safely.

Pioglitazone, also known by the brand name Actos, is a medicine mainly used to treat type 2 diabetes by helping the body use insulin better. It is being studied for its possible role in preventing certain mouth conditions, like leukoplakia, from developing into cancer, especially in the head and neck area. Pioglitazone is not a cancer treatment but is part of ongoing research in cancer prevention.

A pipe is a device used to smoke tobacco, often without inhaling the smoke into the lungs. Pipe smoking can cause nicotine addiction and increase the risk of cancers in the mouth, voice box, esophagus, lung, pancreas, and bladder. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers recognize its health effects and why doctors may discuss it during cancer care.

Piperacillin-Tazobactam is a combination antibiotic medicine used to treat infections in people with cancer. Piperacillin is a type of penicillin antibiotic, and tazobactam helps piperacillin work better. It is given through a vein and helps fight bacteria that can cause infections during cancer treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Piqray, also called alpelisib, is a targeted cancer drug used with fulvestrant to treat certain advanced breast cancers. It works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow, especially in cancers with a specific gene change called PIK3CA. It is mainly for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that has worsened after hormone therapy.

Pirfenidone is a medication used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a lung disease that causes scarring and stiffness. It may help slow the progression of lung damage. Common side effects include stomach upset, dizziness, and fatigue. Patients should discuss with their care team how pirfenidone fits their specific health needs and treatment plan.

Piritrexim is a drug being studied for cancer treatment, especially metastatic urothelial cancer. It belongs to a group called folate antagonists, which work by interfering with folate, a vitamin needed by rapidly dividing cells. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Pirtobrutinib, sold as Jaypirca, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain blood cancers like mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It works by blocking a protein called BTK that helps cancer cells grow. Taken by mouth, it is often used when other treatments have not worked. Patients should talk with their care team about how this medicine fits their treatment plan.

The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of the brain that controls many important hormones in the body. It can develop tumors, usually noncancerous, that affect hormone production. Understanding the pituitary gland helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions about symptoms, tests, and treatments related to hormone changes and conditions like acromegaly.

A pituitary tumor is a growth in the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain that controls many hormones. Most pituitary tumors are benign (not cancer) and may not cause symptoms. However, they can affect hormone levels and sometimes require treatment. Understanding pituitary tumors helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and care with their medical team.

Pixantrone, also known as BBR 2778, is a drug being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to a group called antitumor antibiotics, which work by interfering with cancer cell growth. Pixantrone is not yet a standard treatment but is being tested in clinical trials to learn about its safety and effectiveness. Patients may hear about it when exploring new treatment options or clinical studies.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare inherited condition that causes many noncancerous growths called polyps in the digestive tract and dark spots on the skin, especially around the mouth. People with PJS have a higher risk of developing several types of cancer, including cancers of the stomach, intestines, breast, pancreas, ovaries, lungs, and cervix. It is often linked to changes in the STK11 gene.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an enzyme found in many tissues that helps control how cells grow and communicate. It plays a role in cell signaling pathways, including those activated by HER2, which can affect cancer cell growth. PKC is being studied in cancer research and may be targeted by some cancer drugs to help slow or stop tumor growth.

PKC412, also known as midostaurin or by its brand name Rydapt, is a targeted cancer medicine used mainly to treat certain blood cancers in adults. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and survive. Midostaurin is often used with chemotherapy to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with specific gene mutations and some rare mast cell diseases.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited disorder where the body cannot properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. This can cause symptoms like light skin and hair, skin rashes, seizures, developmental delays, and behavioral or mental health problems. Babies are routinely screened at birth to detect PKU early. While there is no cure, PKU can be managed with a special diet low in phenylalanine to help prevent serious complications.

A placebo is an inactive substance or treatment given in clinical trials to compare against an active drug or therapy. It looks like the real treatment but has no direct medical effect. Placebos help researchers understand if a new treatment truly works. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to ask your care team how the term applies to your situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment choice.

Placebo therapy is an inactive treatment designed to look like the real treatment being studied, such as a sugar pill given instead of an active drug. It is often used in clinical trials to help researchers understand if a new treatment works. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to ask your care team what placebo therapy means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis.

A placebo-controlled study is a type of clinical trial where some participants receive an inactive treatment, called a placebo, that looks like the real medicine but has no active ingredients. This helps researchers compare the effects of a new treatment against no treatment to see if it truly works. Placebos do not treat cancer or other diseases directly but are important tools in testing new therapies safely and fairly.

The placenta is a temporary organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish and support the developing baby. It produces hormones like Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta-Hcg), which can be measured in blood or urine tests. In cancer care, Beta-Hcg and other placenta-related proteins may be discussed as part of diagnosis or treatment monitoring. Always ask your care team how these terms relate to your specific situation.

Placental blood transplantation is a procedure that uses blood collected from the placenta, which is rich in stem cells that help make new blood cells. It is being studied as a treatment for certain cancers and serious blood disorders. Patients should discuss with their care team how this approach might relate to their own treatment, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or standard therapy.

Plan B is a form of the hormone progesterone made in a lab, also called levonorgestrel or L-norgestrel. It is mainly used as an emergency birth control pill but is also being studied for preventing some cancers like ovarian and endometrial cancer. In cancer care, knowing about Plan B can help patients understand its potential roles and avoid confusion when seeing different names in reports or discussions.

Plant Sound Healing is a practice using plant-generated tones or music for relaxation, meditation, or spiritual comfort. In cancer care, it may be explored for symptom relief, emotional support, or quality of life. It is not a cancer treatment but may help some people feel calmer or more connected during illness. Always discuss its use with your healthcare team to ensure safety alongside medical treatments.

Plant sterols, also called phytosterols, are natural substances found in plants that look like cholesterol. They can help lower blood cholesterol by reducing how much cholesterol your intestines absorb. Some foods and supplements contain added plant sterols to support heart health. People with a rare genetic condition called phytosterolaemia should avoid them, as high levels can cause heart problems.

A plant-based diet focuses mostly or entirely on foods from plants, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. It may include vegetarian, vegan, or other diets with little or no animal products. For people with cancer, plant-based diets are discussed for their effects on nutrition, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It’s important to talk with your care team about how this diet fits your individual needs.

Raw Vegan or Plant-Based Diets focus on eating mostly or only plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds, often avoiding animal products. These diets are discussed in cancer care for their effects on nutrition, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. They may also be linked to lower risks of some cancers and heart diseases. Patients should talk with their care team about how such diets fit their individual needs.

A plantar pit is a small, pink or skin-colored dent on the sole of the foot. These tiny pits are often easier to see after soaking the feet in water. They are commonly found in people with a rare inherited condition called basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), which increases the risk of certain skin cancers. If you hear this term, it’s important to discuss what it means for you with your care team.

In medicine, plaque is an abnormal patch or buildup of substances like cholesterol inside blood vessels or on body tissues. In cancer care, plaque may be mentioned when tumors or treatments affect blood vessels, possibly causing blockages. It’s important to understand plaque in context and ask your care team how it relates to your health, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Plaque radiotherapy is a type of radiation treatment used to target tumors in the eye. It involves placing a small metal disc with radioactive seeds on the outside of the eye, aimed directly at the tumor. The plaque stays in place for several days before being removed. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Plasma is the clear, yellowish liquid part of your blood that carries blood cells and important proteins. It helps transport nutrients, hormones, and clotting factors throughout your body. In cancer care, plasma is also connected to plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that can sometimes become cancerous, as in multiple myeloma. Understanding plasma and plasma cells can help you better follow your care and ask questions about your diagnosis or treatment.

A plasma cell is a type of white blood cell that helps your immune system by making antibodies to fight infections. Sometimes, plasma cells can become abnormal and form cancerous tumors in the bone or soft tissues. These cancers are called plasma cell neoplasms, including multiple myeloma. Understanding plasma cells and related terms can help you better follow your medical reports and treatment plans.

Plasma Cell Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma or Kahler disease, is a cancer that starts in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections by making antibodies. In this disease, abnormal plasma cells build up in the bone marrow, which can cause bone pain, fractures, fatigue, and infections. Treatments vary based on the individual’s condition and may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplant.

Plasma cell neoplasms are cancers that start in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections by making antibodies. These abnormal plasma cells can form tumors in bone or soft tissue. When there is one tumor, it’s called a plasmacytoma; when there are multiple tumors, it’s called multiple myeloma. These cancers affect the bone marrow and can cause symptoms like bone pain, fatigue, and infections.

A plasma cell tumor is a type of cancer that starts in plasma cells, which are white blood cells that make antibodies to fight infections. These tumors can form in bone or soft tissue. When there is only one tumor, it is called a plasmacytoma. When there are multiple tumors, the condition is known as multiple myeloma. Plasma cell tumors are also called plasma cell neoplasms.

Plasma exchange, also called plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure that removes the liquid part of your blood (plasma), treats or replaces it, and returns it to your body. It helps remove harmful substances like abnormal antibodies and is used to treat certain blood and immune system disorders. This treatment is often combined with medicines that lower immune system activity.

The plasma membrane is the outer layer of a cell that separates and protects the inside of the cell from the outside environment. It controls what substances can enter or leave the cell. In cancer care, understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask how it relates to their specific diagnosis or treatment, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive type of large B-cell lymphoma, often linked to weakened immune systems such as in HIV infection. It involves cancerous plasmablast cells, which are immature plasma cells. Many cases are associated with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). PBL usually grows quickly and can cause painful, bleeding masses. Understanding this diagnosis requires careful discussion with your healthcare team about what it means for you personally.

A plasmacyte, also called a plasma cell, is a type of white blood cell that helps your immune system by making antibodies to fight infections. These cells develop from B cells after activation. Sometimes, plasmacytes can become abnormal and form cancerous tumors in bone or soft tissues, leading to conditions like plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma.

Plasmacytic refers to plasma cells, a type of white blood cell important in the immune system. In some lymph node diseases, such as Castleman disease or lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (also called Waldenström macroglobulinemia), an increased number of plasma cells may be seen. The term describes a pattern seen under the microscope and is not a diagnosis by itself. If you see “plasmacytic” in your medical report, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Plasmacytoma is a type of cancer that starts in plasma cells, which are white blood cells that help fight infections. It usually appears as a single tumor in bone or soft tissue. Sometimes, plasmacytoma can develop into multiple myeloma, a more widespread cancer of plasma cells. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers learn how it relates to blood and bone marrow cancers and the importance of personalized care.

Plasmapheresis, also called plasma exchange, is a medical procedure that removes the liquid part of your blood (plasma), treats or replaces it, and returns it to your body. It is often used to remove harmful antibodies or proteins from the blood, helping treat certain immune system and blood disorders. It may also appear under related names such as Plasma Exchange.

A plastic surgeon is a doctor specially trained to rebuild or reshape parts of the body, often after injury, birth defects, or cancer treatment. For people facing breast cancer surgery, a plastic surgeon can help plan breast reconstruction using implants or tissue from other body parts. Talking with a plastic surgeon before surgery helps you understand your options and what to expect.

Plastic surgery is a type of surgery that restores or improves the appearance and function of body parts. It includes reconstructive procedures to repair damage from injury, birth defects, or cancer treatment, as well as cosmetic surgeries to change appearance. Plastic surgeons often help people with cancer by rebuilding areas affected by surgery, such as breast reconstruction after mastectomy.

Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. They come from large cells in the bone marrow and are important for healing wounds. Changes in platelet numbers or function can affect your health and may be linked to some cancers or blood disorders.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a group of natural molecules released by platelets, small cell fragments in the blood. PDGF helps heal wounds and supports the growth of new blood vessels. In cancer care, PDGF can be important because tumors sometimes use these signals to grow. Understanding PDGF can help patients learn how some treatments work to slow cancer growth by targeting blood vessel formation.

The PDGFRA gene (platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene) makes a protein that helps cells grow and survive. Changes in this gene, called mutations, can be found in some cancers like gastrointestinal stromal tumors and certain blood cancers. Testing for PDGFRA mutations helps doctors diagnose these cancers and choose the best treatment options.

Platinol is a brand name for the chemotherapy drug cisplatin, used to treat certain cancers such as bladder, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Although the Platinol brand is no longer available, cisplatin remains an important part of chemotherapy combinations like the BEP regimen, which is used especially for germ cell tumors. Patients should discuss with their care team how cisplatin or related treatments apply to their specific situation.

Platinum refers to a metal used in certain chemotherapy drugs, like cisplatin and carboplatin, to treat some cancers. Knowing if a cancer is platinum sensitive or resistant helps doctors plan treatment. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the term in context and ask the care team how it applies to their specific situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment decision on its own.

Platinum refractory cancer is a type of cancer that does not respond to chemotherapy drugs containing platinum, such as cisplatin or carboplatin. This means the cancer continues to grow or does not shrink despite treatment with these medicines. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss treatment options and side effects with their healthcare team.

Platinum resistant cancer is a term used when cancer initially responds to platinum-based chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin or carboplatin but then returns within a certain time, often within six months. This information can help doctors plan further treatment. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss what it means for the individual’s care with their medical team.

Platinum sensitive cancer is a term used when certain cancers respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin or carboplatin, but then come back after a period of time. For example, ovarian cancer that returns six or more months after such treatment is often called platinum sensitive. It’s important to discuss with your care team what this means for your specific situation.

Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (PLCIS) is a condition where abnormal cells are found in the milk glands (lobules) of the breast. These cells look larger and more unusual under a microscope than those in the more common classic lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). PLCIS is more likely to develop into invasive breast cancer and spread to other breast tissues, often occurring in postmenopausal women.

Plenaxis, also known as Abarelix, is a medication used to lower testosterone levels in men with advanced prostate cancer when other hormone treatments are not suitable. It works by blocking signals from the brain that tell the body to produce testosterone, helping to slow cancer growth. Patients may see either name in medical reports or discussions.

Pleomorphic describes cells that vary in size and shape, often seen in certain cancers. It is not a diagnosis by itself but a term doctors use to describe how cancer cells look under a microscope. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers discuss symptoms and treatment options with their healthcare team, always asking how it applies to their specific situation.

Pleomorphic liposarcoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer that starts in fat cells, usually deep in the arms or legs. It often returns after treatment and can spread to other parts of the body, like the lungs. This cancer mainly affects older adults. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers talk with their healthcare team about symptoms and treatment options.

Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ (PLCIS) is a breast condition where abnormal cells are found in the milk glands (lobules). These cells look larger and more unusual than those in the more common classic lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). PLCIS is more likely to develop into invasive breast cancer and usually occurs in women after menopause.

Plerixafor, also known as AMD 3100 or Mozobil, is a medicine used to help move special blood-forming stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. This makes it easier to collect these cells for patients with certain cancers, like non-Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma, who are preparing for a stem cell transplant. It is usually given with another medicine called G-CSF to improve stem cell collection.

The pleura is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. It helps protect the lungs and allows them to move smoothly during breathing. In cancer care, doctors may check the pleura to see if cancer has spread there, which can affect treatment decisions. If you hear the term pleura, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

The pleural cavity is the small space between two thin layers of tissue called the pleura that surround each lung. This space normally contains a tiny amount of fluid to help the lungs move smoothly during breathing. In cancer care, the pleural cavity is important because fluid or air can build up there, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, and treatments may involve this space to relieve symptoms.

Pleural effusion is the buildup of extra fluid between the layers of tissue lining the lungs and chest wall. This fluid can make it harder to breathe and may cause chest discomfort. In cancer care, pleural effusion often happens when cancer spreads to the lungs or nearby areas, leading to fluid accumulation that affects breathing.

Pleurectomy is a surgery that removes part of the pleura, the thin tissue lining the chest cavity. It is sometimes used to treat conditions affecting the lungs or chest lining, including certain cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or a treatment on its own.

Pleurodesis is a medical procedure used to treat severe pleural effusion, which is the buildup of fluid around the lungs. It works by causing the layers of tissue covering the lungs and chest wall to stick together, preventing further fluid from collecting. Patients should discuss with their care team how pleurodesis might apply to their specific situation rather than viewing it as a diagnosis or automatic treatment choice.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer that starts in the lung or the lining of the chest cavity. It mainly affects infants and young children. Some cases are linked to inherited changes in a gene called DICER1, which can also increase the risk of other tumors and cysts in organs like the kidney and thyroid. Understanding this condition helps guide care and monitoring.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma familial cancer syndrome is a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of a fast-growing lung cancer called pleuropulmonary blastoma. It may also cause cysts in the kidney and lung, thyroid problems, and cancers in the ovary, testicle, kidney, and soft tissues. Understanding this syndrome helps guide care and monitoring for affected individuals.

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is a rare, slow-growing soft tissue tumor that mainly affects children and young adults. It usually appears as a painless lump on the skin of the arms or legs. Treatment typically involves complete surgical removal. If you or a loved one hear this term, it’s important to discuss what it means for your specific situation with your healthcare team.

Plexiform neurofibroma is a type of tumor that grows on nerves, often in people with a rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These tumors can cause pain, disfigurement, or other symptoms and are usually hard or impossible to remove completely with surgery. Most plexiform neurofibromas are not cancer, but some can become cancerous over time.

Plexopathy is a condition where a network of nerves, such as the brachial plexus in the neck and shoulder area, is damaged or affected. In cancer care, this can happen if tumors press on these nerves or if treatments like radiation cause nerve problems. Symptoms may include pain, numbness, weakness, or trouble moving the arm or hand. Understanding plexopathy helps patients and caregivers talk with their care team about symptoms and management.

Plicamycin, also known as Mithracin or Mithramycin, is a drug once used to treat certain cancers like testicular cancer and conditions with high calcium levels in the blood. It works by attaching to DNA and stopping cells from making RNA and proteins, which can slow or stop cancer cell growth. Although it is no longer widely produced, you might still see this term in medical records or research.

Prolymphocytic Leukemia (PLL) is a type of chronic lymphocytic leukemia where too many immature white blood cells called prolymphocytes build up in the blood and bone marrow. PLL usually grows faster than typical CLL. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions, and it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan based on the word alone.

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. In cancer care, aneuploidy—when cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes—can indicate that cells are growing abnormally. This information may help doctors with diagnosis and treatment decisions. Patients should always discuss what ploidy means for their specific case with their care team rather than interpreting the term alone.

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome, also known as Paterson-Kelly Syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia, is a condition caused by iron deficiency anemia. It leads to thin, web-like membranes forming in the throat that can make swallowing difficult. This syndrome may increase the risk of esophageal cancer and is important to recognize for careful monitoring and management.

Pluripotent refers to a special type of stem cell that can develop into many different kinds of cells in the body, such as those forming the gut, muscles, or nerves. These cells are important in research because they can be used to create organ-like structures called organoids, which help scientists study diseases like cancer and test new treatments. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Pluripotent stem cells are special cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body, such as muscle, nerve, or gut cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are made by reprogramming adult cells, like skin cells, to behave like these versatile stem cells. This technology helps researchers study diseases and test treatments, but seeing the term in your care should prompt a conversation with your medical team about what it means for you.

Pluvicto (lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan) is a radioactive drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer that has spread and no longer responds to hormone-lowering treatments. It targets a protein called PSMA found on some prostate cancer cells, delivering radiation directly to help kill these cancer cells. It is given to adults who have tried other treatments, including hormone blockers and chemotherapy.

PLX4032, also known as vemurafenib or Zelboraf, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain cancers with a specific change in the BRAF gene called the V600E mutation. It is approved for advanced melanoma and Erdheim-Chester disease. This drug works by blocking proteins made by the mutated gene to help slow or stop cancer growth. Patients may see different names for this drug in reports or discussions.

Pm-81 is a laboratory-made monoclonal antibody being studied for its potential to detect and treat cancer. It works by locating and binding to cancer cells. If you see this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The PML gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth and division. Changes in this gene, especially when it joins with the RARA gene, can cause a fast-growing blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This gene is important because it normally helps stop cancer by controlling cell death and growth.

PMN, also called granular leukocyte, granulocyte, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte, is a type of white blood cell that helps your body fight infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. These cells contain small granules with enzymes that are released during immune responses. In cancer care, doctors often check PMN levels because treatments can lower these cells, affecting your immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your health.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is a technique that involves tensing and then relaxing different muscle groups to help reduce stress and promote relaxation. In cancer care, PMR may be used as a supportive approach to ease symptoms, improve quality of life, and help patients cope with treatment side effects. It is a non-medical practice often explored alongside standard cancer treatments.

PN401, also known as triacetyluridine, uridine triacetate, or Vistogard, is a medicine used in emergencies to treat serious side effects caused by certain chemotherapy drugs like fluorouracil or capecitabine. It helps protect healthy cells from damage and is given when heart or nervous system problems happen soon after these treatments.

Purine nucleoside analogs (PNAs) are a type of anticancer drug that work by interfering with the enzymes cells need to make DNA and RNA. This can damage cancer cells and help treat some blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. The term PNA may appear in medical reports or discussions, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

PNET, or Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, is a rare type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells found in the brain or spinal cord. It affects important parts of the central nervous system and usually requires specialized care. PNET can also appear in other parts of the body and is related to a group of cancers called the Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors.

A pneumatic larynx is a device that helps a person speak after having their larynx (voice box) removed, often due to cancer. It works by using air to create a humming sound, which the person shapes into speech with their mouth. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis.

A pneumonectomy is a surgery to remove an entire lung, most often done to treat lung cancer. It can affect breathing because it reduces lung capacity. There are different types, including a simple pneumonectomy and a more extensive extrapleural pneumonectomy, which also removes nearby tissues. Patients should talk with their care team to understand what this surgery means for their individual situation.

Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the lungs that causes the air sacs to fill with fluid or pus. In cancer care, pneumonia can affect breathing and may appear on lung scans. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath. People with weakened immune systems or lung problems are at higher risk. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may include antibiotics or hospitalization.

Pneumonitis is inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by infections, radiation therapy, allergies, or inhaling irritants. Symptoms range from mild cold-like signs to serious breathing problems. In cancer care, pneumonitis may occur after chest radiation or immunotherapy. It’s important to understand pneumonitis in context and discuss with your healthcare team how it applies to your situation.

Pneumothorax is when air collects in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to partially or fully collapse. This can cause sudden chest pain and trouble breathing. It may happen after injury, certain medical procedures, or lung diseases. Some cases improve on their own, but others need medical care to prevent serious problems.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder where red blood cells break down too easily because they lack protective proteins. This can cause symptoms like blood clots and dark red or brown urine, often noticed in the morning. Treatments such as eculizumab help protect red blood cells from destruction and improve symptoms but do not cure the disease.

PNU 166148 is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of medicines called topoisomerase inhibitors, which work by interfering with enzymes that help cancer cells grow. Research is ongoing to understand how it might help in fighting cancer and what types of cancer it could affect.

PNU-93914, also known as liposomal paclitaxel, LEP-ETU, Lipotaxen, or paclitaxel liposome, is a form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel enclosed in tiny fat-like particles called liposomes. This special packaging may help the drug reach cancer cells more effectively and cause fewer side effects. It is being studied for treating several types of cancer.

A podiatrist is a healthcare professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating problems of the foot, ankle, and related parts of the leg. They provide both nonsurgical and surgical care for conditions like injuries, arthritis, skin and nail issues, and circulation problems. If you see this term in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your specific situation.

Poikiloderma Congenitale, also known as Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RTS), is a rare inherited condition that affects the skin, bones, hair, and teeth. It often begins with a red, blistering rash on the face in early infancy and can lead to patchy skin coloring and thin skin. People with this condition have a higher risk of developing certain cancers, especially bone and skin cancers, at a young age.

Polatuzumab vedotin, sold as Polivy, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a type of blood cancer. It combines an antibody that attaches to cancer cells with a drug that helps kill them. Polatuzumab vedotin is given with other medicines and is approved for adults with certain forms of this lymphoma, including cases that have returned or not responded to prior treatments.

The POLH gene makes a protein that helps copy and repair DNA, especially after damage from ultraviolet (UV) light. Changes in this gene can cause xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV), a condition that makes people very sensitive to sunlight and increases their risk of skin cancer. If you see POLH gene mentioned in your care, ask your medical team what it means for you personally.

Polifeprosan 20 Carmustine Implant, also known as Gliadel Wafer or Carmustine Implant, is a small, thin wafer containing the chemotherapy drug carmustine. It is placed directly into the brain during surgery where a tumor was removed. The implant slowly releases the drug to help treat aggressive brain tumors like high-grade gliomas and recurrent glioblastoma, often causing fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.

Polivy (polatuzumab vedotin) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a type of blood cancer. It combines an antibody that attaches to cancer cells with a drug that helps kill them. Polivy is given with other medicines and is approved especially for cases where lymphoma has returned or not responded to prior treatments.

PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) is an enzyme inside cells that helps repair damaged DNA. Some cancer treatments use medicines called PARP inhibitors to block this enzyme, making it harder for cancer cells to fix their DNA and survive. PARP and PARP inhibitors may be discussed when considering treatment options, especially if genetic testing shows certain changes in the cancer or genes.

A Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor, or PARP inhibitor, is a medicine that blocks an enzyme called PARP. PARP helps repair damaged DNA in cells. By blocking this enzyme, PARP inhibitors make it harder for cancer cells to fix their DNA, which can lead to their death. These drugs are a type of targeted therapy used mainly for certain cancers with specific genetic changes.

Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1, or PARP-1, is an enzyme inside cells that helps repair damaged DNA. DNA damage can happen naturally or from things like sunlight, radiation, and some cancer treatments. Medicines called PARP inhibitors block PARP-1 to make it harder for cancer cells to fix their DNA. These drugs are being studied and sometimes used to treat certain cancers, especially those with specific gene changes.

Poly-ICLC is a laboratory-made substance studied for its ability to stimulate the immune system in cancer treatment. It combines RNA with chemicals to help activate immune cells, especially when used inside tumors. Poly-ICLC is being tested in clinical trials as part of new approaches to help the body’s immune system recognize and fight certain cancers, such as some types of lymphoma. Patients should discuss with their care team what it means for their specific care.

Poly-MVA, also known as Polydox, is a dietary supplement containing a lipoic acid-palladium complex and vitamins. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for claims about symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. However, there is no reliable medical evidence that Poly-MVA treats cancer, and it may interfere with standard cancer treatments. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before using it.

Poly-MVA, also known as Polydox, is a dietary supplement containing a lipoic acid-palladium complex and B vitamins. Some people with cancer explore it for symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. However, there is no reliable scientific evidence that it treats cancer, and it may interfere with standard cancer treatments. Always talk with your healthcare team before using Poly-MVA.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are man-made chemicals once used in products like electrical equipment, paints, and pesticides. Although banned in the 1970s, PCBs can still be found in the environment. Exposure may cause skin problems, eye irritation, and long-term effects on body systems, including a possible increased risk of cancer. It may also appear under related names such as PCB.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals formed when materials like wood, tobacco, or fuels don’t burn completely. They can also form when meat is cooked at high temperatures. Some PAHs are linked to an increased risk of cancer. You might see PAHs mentioned as a possible health risk in environmental reports or discussions about diet and smoking.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition affecting women of reproductive age. It involves an imbalance of hormones that can cause irregular periods, excess hair growth, acne, and small cysts on the ovaries. PCOS may increase the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. Many women with PCOS can still get pregnant, and managing symptoms often includes lifestyle changes and medicines.

Polycythemia vera is a blood disorder where the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, causing the blood to thicken. This can increase the risk of blood clots and other complications. It is a type of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of diseases involving excess blood cell production. Treatments like Besremi can help control blood counts but are not a cure. Patients should discuss their diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare team.

Poly-MVA, also known as Polydox, is a dietary supplement containing lipoic acid, palladium, and B vitamins. Some people with cancer explore it for symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. However, there is no reliable scientific evidence that it treats cancer, and it may interfere with standard cancer treatments. Always discuss its use with your healthcare team before starting.

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) is a chemical used in medicine to help drugs stay active longer in the body or as a laxative. It can appear in drug names like Methoxypolyethylene Glycol Epoetin Beta, which is used to treat anemia. If you see PEG or related terms, ask your care team how it applies to your treatment, as it is not a diagnosis or cancer treatment by itself.

Polyethylene Glycosylated Recombinant Human Megakaryocyte Growth And Development Factor (PEG-MGDF or PEG-rhMGDF) is a lab-made protein studied to help increase platelet counts in people receiving chemotherapy. Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. PEG-MGDF is not a standard treatment but may appear in medical reports or discussions about managing low platelets during cancer care.

Polyglutamate Camptothecin, also called CT-2106, is a form of the cancer drug camptothecin. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps cancer cells grow. This version is designed to cause fewer side effects and may work better. It is still being studied and is not yet a standard treatment. Patients should ask their care team what it means for their specific situation.

A polymer is a large molecule made by joining many small, identical molecules called monomers in a repeating pattern. Polymers include natural materials like DNA and proteins, as well as synthetic plastics. In cancer care, the term polymer may appear in medical reports or treatment discussions, but it describes a chemical structure rather than a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Always ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA. This helps doctors find changes in genes or chromosomes that may be linked to genetic conditions or diseases like cancer. PCR is a common tool in molecular testing and can also detect infections by amplifying tiny amounts of DNA from bacteria or viruses.

Pediatric polymeric enteral nutrition formula is a special nutritional drink designed to help children who cannot get enough nutrients from regular foods and drinks. It provides important calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals to support growth and health. This formula can be given by mouth or through a feeding tube when eating is difficult or not enough during illness or cancer treatment.

A polymorphism is a common change in the DNA code that many people have. Some polymorphisms may increase the risk of certain cancers, but the word itself is not a diagnosis or treatment. It’s important to understand polymorphisms in the context of your personal health and to ask your care team how it applies to you.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), also called granulocytes or granular leukocytes, are a type of white blood cell that helps your body fight infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. They contain small granules with enzymes that are released during immune responses. Common types include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In cancer care, doctors often check PMN levels because treatments can lower these cells, affecting your immune system.

Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory muscle disease that causes muscle weakness, especially in muscles close to the center of the body. It can make everyday activities like climbing stairs or lifting objects difficult. People with polymyositis have a higher risk of certain cancers. If you hear this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for you personally.

Polyneuritis means inflammation affecting several peripheral nerves at the same time. Peripheral nerves carry signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. This condition can cause symptoms like numbness, tingling, or weakness. In cancer care, polyneuritis may arise due to the cancer itself, treatments, or other health issues, so understanding it can help patients and caregivers recognize and discuss nerve-related symptoms.

A polyp is an extra piece of tissue that grows on the lining of organs like the colon. Most polyps are not harmful, but some can develop into cancer over time. Doctors often find and remove polyps during colonoscopy exams to help prevent colon cancer. Polyps usually do not cause symptoms, but sometimes they may cause bleeding or changes in bowel habits.

A polypectomy is a medical procedure to remove a polyp, which is an abnormal growth of tissue. Polyps can appear inside the body, such as in the colon, or on the skin. Removing polyps can help prevent or diagnose cancer. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids that forms proteins or protein parts. In cancer care, measuring pancreatic polypeptide levels can help doctors understand if certain pancreatic tumors are present. Tests like the Atropine Suppression Test check how the pancreas releases this protein, aiding diagnosis and treatment decisions. Patients should discuss what these terms mean for their own health with their care team.

Polyphenols are natural substances found in many plants, including fruits, vegetables, and flowers, that give them color and have antioxidant properties. They are often part of discussions about diet and nutrition in cancer care. While some patients explore polyphenol-rich diets for support during treatment, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team before making changes, as individual needs and safety vary.

A Polyphenol-Rich Diet includes foods high in natural plant compounds called polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, tea, and cocoa. In cancer care, this diet is sometimes discussed for supporting nutrition, reducing inflammation, aiding digestion, and helping the immune system. However, it is not a cancer treatment by itself. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before making diet changes to ensure safety and fit with their care plan.

Polyphenon E is a green tea leaf extract rich in antioxidants called catechins. It is being studied for its potential to help prevent or treat certain diseases, including some cancers. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a topical ointment containing Polyphenon E for treating genital and perianal warts. Patients should discuss with their care team how Polyphenon E might relate to their individual health situation.

Polyposis means having many polyps, which are small growths that develop on the lining of organs like the colon. Some types of polyposis, especially inherited forms like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), increase the risk of colorectal cancer. If you or a family member has polyposis, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about genetic testing, screening, and ways to reduce cancer risk.

Polysaccharides, also called glycans, are large molecules made of many sugar units linked together. They are found naturally in foods and the body, such as in cartilage and the eye’s cornea. In cancer care, polysaccharides may appear in discussions about supplements, immune support, or side effects, but the term itself is not a diagnosis or treatment. Always ask your care team how it relates to your personal situation.

A polysomnogram (PSG) is a detailed sleep study that records brain waves, breathing, heart rate, and muscle activity during sleep. It helps doctors diagnose sleep problems by monitoring many body functions overnight, usually in a sleep lab or sometimes at home. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team how the test results apply to their specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel, also known as Gelclair, is a special gel used to help reduce pain from mouth sores caused by cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation. It forms a thin protective layer over the mouth and throat to ease discomfort while eating, drinking, or talking. It is being studied especially for use in children receiving cancer care.

Pomalidomide, also known as CC-4047 or by the brand name Pomalyst, is a medicine used mainly to treat adults with certain cancers like multiple myeloma and Kaposi sarcoma. It helps the immune system fight cancer and may stop tumors from growing new blood vessels. Because of important safety concerns, pomalidomide is only available through a special program that ensures careful monitoring.

Pomalyst, also known as pomalidomide or CC-4047, is a medicine used mainly to treat adults with certain cancers like multiple myeloma and Kaposi sarcoma. It helps the immune system fight cancer and may stop tumors from growing new blood vessels. Because of important safety concerns, it is only available through a special program that ensures careful monitoring.

Pomegranate is a fruit from a subtropical shrub or tree. Its juice contains substances being studied for possible effects on prostate cancer, such as slowing the rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Some men with prostate cancer use pomegranate as part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) alongside standard treatments. Research is ongoing to understand its role and safety.

Ponatinib hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Iclusig, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain blood cancers like chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). It is often prescribed when other treatments have not worked or when the cancer has a specific mutation called T315I. Ponatinib works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and survive.

The pons is a part of the brainstem located at the base of the brain. It plays important roles in controlling breathing, sleep, facial movements, and sensations. In cancer care, the pons may be mentioned in imaging tests or reports, but it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Patients should ask their care team how the term relates to their specific situation.

Pontine refers to the pons, a part of the brain stem located at the base of the brain. In cancer care, this area is important because some tumors, like diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), can develop here. Patients and caregivers should understand the term in context and ask their care team how it relates to their specific diagnosis or treatment.

A population-based study looks at a group of people from the general population who share a common trait, like age, sex, or health condition. These studies help researchers understand patterns such as disease risk or treatment responses. For patients, it’s important to discuss with your care team how findings from such studies apply to your individual situation.

Porcine means relating to or coming from pigs. In some alternative cancer care programs, freeze-dried porcine pancreatic enzymes are used as part of a complex nutritional and enzyme-based regimen. These programs often include special diets, many supplements, and detox procedures. Such approaches are considered unproven by mainstream medicine and may carry risks, so patients should discuss their meaning and relevance with their healthcare team.

Porfimer Sodium, also known as Photofrin, is a drug used in a cancer treatment called photodynamic therapy. It works by collecting in cancer cells and then becoming active when exposed to a special light, helping to kill those cells. It is used for some cancers like esophageal and lung cancer. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how it applies to their specific situation.

Porfiromycin is a drug being studied for cancer treatment, especially head and neck cancers. It works by damaging cancer cell DNA, which can help kill these cells. It belongs to a group of drugs called anticancer antibiotics. Porfiromycin may increase the risk of a rare blood condition called methemoglobinemia when combined with certain medications. Patients should always discuss its use and risks with their care team.

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) is a rare skin condition that causes fragile skin and painful blisters on sun-exposed areas like the hands, arms, and face. It may also cause skin color changes, increased facial hair, and swelling. PCT can affect the liver and may increase the risk of liver problems, including liver cancer. It usually appears in adults over 30 and can be linked to infections, genetics, or lifestyle factors.

A port, also called a Port-A-Cath, is a small medical device placed under the skin, usually on the chest, to help deliver treatments like chemotherapy or draw blood. It connects to a thin tube (catheter) that goes into a large vein near the heart. This device can stay in place for weeks, months, or even years, making repeated treatments easier and less painful.

A Port-A-Cath, often called a port, is a small device placed under the skin, usually on the chest. It connects to a thin tube that goes into a large vein near the heart. This device helps deliver treatments like chemotherapy or antibiotics and allows blood to be drawn easily, reducing the need for repeated needle sticks. It can stay in place for weeks, months, or even years.

Portal hypertension is high blood pressure in the vein that carries blood to the liver from the digestive organs. It often happens because of liver scarring (cirrhosis) but can have other causes. Symptoms may include belly swelling from fluid buildup, vomiting blood, and changes in blood tests. Understanding how it applies to your health is important, so ask your care team about what it means for you.

The portal vein, also called the hepatic portal vein, is a large blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It plays a key role in liver function and may be mentioned in cancer care when discussing liver health or treatments. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Portrazza, also known as necitumumab, is a targeted cancer medicine used with chemotherapy to treat a type of lung cancer called squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking a protein on cancer cells to help slow their growth. Portrazza is usually given as a first treatment along with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy drugs.

A positive axillary lymph node is a lymph node in the armpit area where cancer cells have been found. This means cancer has spread to that lymph node, usually detected by removing and examining lymph nodes under a microscope. It’s important to understand this term in the context of your own care and discuss with your medical team what it means for your diagnosis and treatment.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is a way to measure how accurate a medical test is at identifying a disease or condition. It tells you the chance that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease, gene change, or biomarker being tested. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand PPV in context and ask your care team what it means for your specific situation, rather than using the term alone to make decisions.

A positive test result means the test found the disease, condition, or genetic change it was looking for. In cancer care, this often means a mutation or biomarker was detected. However, more testing may be needed to confirm the result and understand what it means for diagnosis or treatment. Always discuss your results with your care team to know how they apply to your situation.

Positive Thinking is a spiritual or emotional approach some people use during cancer care to find meaning, reduce fear, and improve mood. It involves focusing on hopeful or optimistic thoughts but should never replace medical treatment or imply that cancer is caused by negative thinking. Patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team to ensure safety and proper care.

A Positron Emission Tomography scan (PET scan) is a special imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive sugar injected into the body to create detailed pictures. Because cancer cells often use more sugar than normal cells, PET scans help doctors find cancer, see if it has spread, and check how well treatment is working.

A PET-CT scan is a painless imaging test that combines two technologies—positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT)—to create detailed pictures inside the body. It helps doctors find cancer, see if it has spread, plan treatment, and check how well treatment is working. It may also appear under related names such as PET-CT Scan.

A PET-MRI scan is a medical imaging test that combines two methods—positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—to create detailed pictures inside the body. It helps doctors find and understand diseases like cancer, plan treatments, and check how well treatments are working. This combined scan uses a small amount of radioactive tracer and strong magnets to highlight abnormal areas and show detailed tissue images.

A Post-Marketing Surveillance Trial, also called a Phase 4 Clinical Trial, is a study done after a new cancer treatment or drug has been approved and is available to patients. These trials involve many people and focus on finding side effects that might appear over time and on understanding how well the treatment works in everyday use.

Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) is a condition where certain immune cells called B-cells grow uncontrollably after an organ transplant. It often happens in people with weakened immune systems, especially if infected with Epstein-Barr virus. PTLD can sometimes develop into a type of cancer called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, including cancer diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders, and changes in mood or alertness. Children, teens, and adults with cancer may be at risk. Early treatment with therapy and sometimes medication can help manage symptoms, and ongoing support is important for survivors and their families.

Posterior is a medical term that means toward the back of the body or a body part. In cancer care, knowing if a tumor is on the posterior (back) side helps doctors plan tests and treatments. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this word describes location, not a diagnosis or treatment, and to ask the care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Posterior pelvic exenteration is a major surgery that removes several organs from the back part of the pelvis, including parts of the bowel, rectum, and reproductive organs. It is usually done to treat very advanced or recurrent cancers when less extensive treatments are not enough. Patients should discuss with their care team what this surgery means for their specific situation.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a rare condition where parts of the brain swell, causing symptoms like headaches, vision changes, seizures, and confusion. It often happens quickly and can be serious but usually improves with treatment. PRES may occur in people with high blood pressure, kidney problems, infections, autoimmune diseases, or those receiving certain cancer or immune-suppressing drugs.

Posterior urethral cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the part of the urethra closest to the bladder. The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body. Knowing the exact location of the cancer helps doctors plan tests and treatments. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Postmenopausal refers to the time after a woman’s menstrual periods have permanently stopped, usually around age 45 to 55. In breast cancer care, it often relates to hormone-sensitive tumors and treatments that lower estrogen levels. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss treatment options and health risks specific to this stage of life.

Postmortem means after death and often refers to an autopsy, which is a detailed examination of a body to find the cause of death. In cancer care, postmortem examinations can help understand how the disease affected the body and whether treatments were effective. If you see this term in medical records or reports, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for the specific situation.

Postoperative means the time period after surgery. In cancer care, this time often involves managing symptoms like pain, nausea, and other side effects to help patients recover and feel better. It includes care to support healing and improve quality of life after an operation. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Postpartum is the time period that begins right after a woman gives birth and usually lasts about six weeks. It is a key phase for recovery and adjustment after childbirth. In cancer care, postpartum may come up when discussing breastfeeding, treatment plans, or health risks related to recent pregnancy and birth.

Postprandial means 'after a meal.' You might see this word in cancer care when talking about symptoms, test results, or treatments that happen or are measured after eating. It’s important to understand the full context and ask your care team what it means for you personally. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Postremission therapy, also called consolidation or intensification therapy, is treatment given after initial cancer therapy has made the cancer disappear. Its goal is to kill any remaining cancer cells that might still be in the body to lower the chance of the cancer coming back. This treatment may include radiation, stem cell transplant, or additional drug therapy. Not every patient needs this step; it depends on the cancer type and response to first treatment.

Potassium is a mineral important for many body functions, including nerve signals, muscle contractions, and keeping your heartbeat regular. It also helps control blood pressure and the balance of water in your cells. In cancer care, potassium levels may be checked when adrenal gland function or certain symptoms like high blood pressure are involved. Always ask your care team what potassium means for your specific situation.

Potassium hydroxide is a strong, corrosive chemical often found in products like cuticle removers used in manicures. It is not a cancer treatment. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it relates directly to diagnosis or therapy.

Poteligeo, also known as mogamulizumab, is a medicine used to treat certain types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, including mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, especially when other treatments have not worked. It works by targeting a protein called CCR4 on some cancer cells, helping the immune system attack and kill these cells. It is given by injection into a vein and may cause side effects like rash and tiredness.

Potentiation in medicine means increasing the strength or effectiveness of a drug or treatment. It can happen when one medicine or substance makes another work better. Patients may hear this term when discussing how treatments are combined or adjusted to improve results. It’s important to ask your care team what potentiation means for your specific situation rather than assuming it applies the same way to everyone.

Power of Attorney for Personal Care is a legal document that lets you name someone you trust to make health and personal care decisions for you if you cannot do so yourself. This can include choices about medical treatments and where you live. It’s important to understand how this applies to your care by asking your health team, rather than assuming it relates to a diagnosis or treatment plan.

PP, or pancreatic polypeptide, is a small protein made by the pancreas that helps control the release of other pancreatic substances. Its levels in the blood usually rise after eating and may increase with age or in certain conditions like diabetes and pancreatic cancer. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand PP in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual health rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment.

The PPAR Gamma Pathway is a group of proteins inside cells that help control how certain genes work and how the body uses fats and sugars. Changes in this pathway may be linked to diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers are studying drugs that affect this pathway to help prevent or treat these conditions. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

PPI usually stands for proton pump inhibitor, a type of medicine that reduces stomach acid to treat heartburn and ulcers. In cancer care, PPI can also refer to other substances, so it’s important to understand the context and ask your care team what it means for your situation rather than assuming it relates directly to your diagnosis or treatment.

Partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) is a way to provide some nutrition directly into the bloodstream through a vein when a person cannot get enough nutrients by eating. It is often used during cancer treatment to support nutrition when the digestive system is not working well. PPN supplements oral intake but does not replace all food needs.

Ppnet, also called Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor or Ewing sarcoma, is a rare cancer that usually starts in bones or soft tissues. It mainly affects children and young adults and can cause pain and swelling near the tumor. Understanding the different names helps avoid confusion when reading medical reports or discussing treatment options.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is a measure of how likely it is that a person who tests positive for a disease, gene change, or biomarker actually has it. PPV helps show how accurate a medical test is but should always be understood in context. Patients should ask their care team what PPV means for their specific situation rather than using it alone to make decisions.

PR stands for progesterone receptor, a protein found inside some cells, including certain cancer cells. Progesterone, a hormone, can attach to these receptors and may encourage cell growth. Whether cancer cells have PR (PR positive) or not (PR negative) can influence how they grow and respond to treatments. It’s important to understand PR results in the context of your personal diagnosis and discuss what they mean with your care team.

PR Negative means cancer cells do not have progesterone receptors and do not need the hormone progesterone to grow. This term may appear as Progesterone Receptor Negative. Understanding PR Negative is important in cancer care, but it should be discussed with your healthcare team to know what it means for your specific diagnosis and treatment.

PR Positive means cancer cells have a protein called the progesterone receptor that binds to the hormone progesterone. These cancer cells may need progesterone to grow. Knowing if cancer is PR positive helps doctors decide if treatments that block progesterone might be helpful. This term is often used in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment discussions.

PR-104 is an experimental drug being studied for cancer treatment. It becomes active in low-oxygen areas of tumors and may kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. If you see this term in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or standard treatment.

A practitioner is a person who works in a specific profession, such as a doctor or nurse. In cancer care, you can ask if a practitioner has experience with cancer patients and whether their treatments will be coordinated with your oncology team to fit safely into your overall care plan.

Pralatrexate, sold as Folotyn, is a medication used to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) that has returned or not responded to other treatments. It works by blocking cancer cells from using folic acid, which they need to grow. Pralatrexate is given through a vein and may cause side effects like mouth sores. It is approved in the United States but not in Europe due to differing views on its benefits and risks.

Pralsetinib, also known by the brand name Gavreto, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain lung and thyroid cancers that have a specific genetic change called a RET fusion gene. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is taken by mouth and is approved for adults and some children with these cancers when they have spread to other parts of the body.

Pranayama and Yogic Breathing are breathing exercises from yoga that some people use during cancer care to help reduce stress, improve sleep, ease symptoms, and support overall well-being. These practices include different breathing styles like alternate-nostril breathing and slow, rhythmic breaths. While not treatments for cancer itself, they may help patients feel more in control and cope better with treatment side effects when used alongside medical care.

Pravachol, also known as pravastatin sodium, is a medication that lowers cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the body. It is commonly used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. In cancer care, it is being studied for its potential to make tumor cells more sensitive to treatment. Patients should always discuss how Pravachol applies to their own health with their care team.

Pravastatin sodium, also known by the brand name Pravachol, is a medication that lowers cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver. It is mainly used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with high cholesterol or at risk for cardiovascular disease. In cancer care, it is being studied for its potential to make tumor cells more sensitive to treatment. Always discuss its use with your healthcare team.

Prayer and spiritual support in cancer care involve using prayer as an active practice to help reduce stress, promote relaxation, and support emotional and spiritual well-being. It can help patients feel more peaceful and empowered during their cancer journey. This approach is personal and should be discussed with the healthcare team to understand how it fits into each individual’s care.

Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells. This can cause symptoms like fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and breathing problems. PRCA mainly affects adults and may be linked to infections, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, tumors of the thymus gland, certain cancers like leukemia, or some medicines. It can also rarely be inherited in infants.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), also called papillary kidney cancer, is a type of kidney cancer that starts in the lining of tiny tubes inside the kidney. These tumors often look like thin, finger-like growths under a microscope. There are two main types: type 1 usually grows slower and spreads less than type 2. Some inherited genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing PRCC.

Precancerous (also called premalignant) describes conditions or lesions with abnormal cells that have a higher chance of turning into cancer over time. Examples include certain colon polyps and cervical cell changes. These conditions often do not cause symptoms but may be found during screening tests. Understanding this term helps patients recognize the importance of monitoring and possible treatment to prevent cancer development.

Precancerous dermatitis, also known as Bowen disease or precancerous dermatosis, is a skin condition marked by rough, scaly, or thickened patches. These patches often appear on sun-exposed areas and may develop into skin cancer if untreated. It is more common in older adults and can be linked to long-term exposure to arsenic. Early diagnosis and treatment help prevent progression to cancer.

Precancerous dermatosis, also called Bowen disease or precancerous dermatitis, is a skin condition marked by rough, scaly, or thickened patches. These patches often appear on sun-exposed areas and may develop into skin cancer if untreated. It is more common in older adults and can be linked to long-term exposure to arsenic. Early diagnosis and treatment help prevent progression to cancer.

Precancerous polyps are small growths on the inner lining of the colon or rectum that are not cancer but can sometimes develop into cancer over time. Detecting these polyps early through screening tests like colonoscopy or CT colonography helps doctors prevent colorectal cancer. If you hear this term, ask your healthcare team what it means for your health and screening plan.

Precision medicine is a way of using detailed information about a person’s cancer, such as genetic changes in the tumor, to help guide diagnosis and treatment. It aims to tailor care to the unique features of each cancer, often through tests called biomarker or tumor marker testing. While promising, precision medicine is not yet standard for all cancers, so it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Precision Nutrition Oncology Diets are specialized nutrition plans discussed in cancer care to support patients’ nutrition, metabolism, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These diets may be used alongside standard cancer treatments to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Patients should always review such diets with their healthcare team before making changes.

NantWorks GPS Cancer, also called Precision Omics Profiling, is an advanced lab test that studies a tumor’s unique biology by examining its genes, gene activity, and proteins. This detailed information helps doctors better understand the cancer and guide treatment decisions. It is a tool used in precision medicine but is not a treatment itself.

A preclinical study is research done using animals to test new cancer treatments before they are tried in people. These studies help scientists learn if a treatment might be safe and effective. Hearing about a preclinical study means the treatment is still being tested and is not yet approved for patients. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for your care rather than assuming it is a treatment option.

Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia, also called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), is a fast-growing blood cancer. It happens when too many immature B-cell white blood cells build up in the bone marrow and blood. This crowding out of healthy cells can cause symptoms like tiredness, bruising, bleeding, and infections. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and needs prompt medical care.

Precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma is a fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma where immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts build up in lymph nodes and the thymus gland. It mainly affects teenagers and young adults and can be either T-cell or B-cell type. Treatment often involves chemotherapy, sometimes using medicines like asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi or nelarabine (Arranon).

Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia is a fast-growing type of blood cancer where too many immature T-cell white blood cells, called lymphoblasts, build up in the bone marrow and blood. It is also known as T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia or T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. Understanding this term in your own medical context is important, so ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis and treatment.

Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma where immature T cells (called lymphoblasts) grow too much in lymph nodes and the spleen. It most often affects young men. This cancer is also called T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. Understanding the exact meaning and how it applies to an individual is important, so patients should discuss it with their care team.

Prediabetes means your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes. It raises your risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Most people don’t have symptoms. Lifestyle changes like healthy eating, exercise, and weight loss can help lower your risk. If you see this term in your health records, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

A predictive factor is a condition or finding that helps doctors estimate whether a person’s cancer is likely to respond to a specific treatment. It can also mean something that increases the risk of developing a disease. Understanding predictive factors can guide treatment choices and help patients and caregivers discuss options with their care team.

A predisposing mutation is a change in a gene’s DNA that can increase a person’s chance of developing certain diseases, including cancer. These mutations may be inherited or happen during life. Having a predisposing mutation does not mean cancer is certain, but it can help guide prevention, screening, and treatment decisions. This term is also called deleterious mutation, disease-causing mutation, pathogenic variant, or susceptibility gene mutation.

Prednisolone is a corticosteroid medicine that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune system. It is used to treat symptoms of some cancers like leukemia and lymphoma, as well as other health conditions. Prednisolone may be part of cancer treatment plans to help control symptoms and support other therapies. Patients should always ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Prednisone is a steroid medicine used to reduce inflammation and lower the immune system’s activity. It is often part of cancer treatment plans, helping with conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, and side effects from cancer or its treatment. Prednisone may also be combined with other drugs, such as in prostate cancer therapy, to support treatment and manage side effects.

Pregabalin, also known by the brand name Lyrica, is a medication used to treat nerve pain, certain types of seizures, and anxiety. It helps calm overactive nerves and is often prescribed for nerve pain caused by diabetes, shingles, cancer treatments, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome. Pregabalin may reduce the need for opioid pain medicines after surgery but can have side effects and risks, especially with long-term use.

Pregnancy is the time when a fertilized egg grows inside a woman’s uterus until birth. It usually lasts about nine months. During pregnancy, the body changes to support the developing baby. Regular health care and good nutrition help keep both mother and baby healthy. Pregnancy can sometimes be affected by health problems, but many women have healthy pregnancies with proper care.

Premalignant, also called precancerous, describes abnormal cells or tissue changes that have a higher chance of turning into cancer if not treated. These changes are not cancer yet but may develop into cancer over time. Detecting premalignant conditions through screening can help prevent cancer by allowing early treatment or monitoring.

Premature birth, also called preterm birth, happens when a baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. A normal pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks. Premature babies may face health challenges because they arrive too early. Certain health problems in the mother, lifestyle factors like smoking or alcohol use, and some pregnancy complications can increase the risk of premature birth.

Premature death means dying earlier than the average age expected in a population, often before age 75 in the United States. It can result from many causes, including smoking, lack of exercise, and health disparities. Understanding premature death helps highlight risks and encourages healthy choices and better access to care.

Premature menopause happens when the ovaries stop working and menstrual periods end before age 40. It can cause symptoms like hot flashes and fertility problems. This condition may be called early menopause, ovarian failure, or ovarian insufficiency. Causes include surgery, cancer treatments, genetic factors, or unknown reasons. Some women may still have occasional periods or be able to get pregnant.

Premature ovarian failure, also called primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), happens when the ovaries stop working normally before age 40. This can cause missed periods, fertility problems, and symptoms similar to menopause like hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may result from cancer treatments, genetic conditions, or other diseases. Some women with POI may still have occasional periods or become pregnant.

Premenopausal refers to the time in a woman’s life before menopause, when menstrual periods are still regular. This stage matters in cancer care because hormone treatments, like aromatase inhibitors, may work differently before and after menopause. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your treatment plan.

The premycotic phase is an early stage of mycosis fungoides, a type of skin lymphoma. During this phase, patients may notice red, scaly, itchy patches on skin areas usually not exposed to the sun. It can last from months to many years and is often hard to diagnose as mycosis fungoides at this stage. Patients should discuss what this term means for their individual care with their healthcare team.

Prenatal, also called antenatal, refers to the time during pregnancy before a baby is born. If you are pregnant and facing cancer treatment, understanding prenatal care and tests can help you and your care team plan safely for both your health and your baby’s. Knowing this term can help you ask important questions about monitoring and treatment during pregnancy.

PRES, or Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome, is a rare condition that causes sudden headaches, vision problems, seizures, and swelling in the brain. It can happen in people with high blood pressure, kidney disease, infections, autoimmune diseases, or those receiving certain cancer or immune-suppressing treatments. Symptoms often improve with treatment, but PRES can be serious and needs prompt medical attention.

A prescription is a doctor's written order for medicine or treatment. In cancer care, prescriptions guide the use of medicines that manage symptoms, treat cancer, or reduce risks. Patients should always ask their care team what a prescription means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A pressure sore, also called a bedsore or decubitus ulcer, is an area of skin damage caused by constant pressure that reduces blood flow. These sores often develop on bony parts of the body like the back, hips, heels, or elbows. People who spend long periods in bed or use a wheelchair are more likely to get pressure sores. Early signs include skin color changes, swelling, and tenderness. Careful prevention and treatment are important to avoid serious tissue damage.

A pressure ulcer, also called a bedsore, pressure sore, or decubitus ulcer, is an area of skin and tissue damage caused by constant pressure that reduces blood flow. These sores often develop on bony parts of the body like the back, hips, heels, or elbows. People who spend long periods in bed or use a wheelchair are more likely to get pressure ulcers. Early signs include skin color changes, swelling, and tenderness. Careful prevention and treatment are important to avoid.

Preterm birth, also called premature birth, happens when a baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. A full-term pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks. Babies born early may face health challenges, and certain factors like health problems, smoking, or stress can increase the risk. Understanding preterm birth can help patients and caregivers discuss pregnancy and fertility concerns with their healthcare team.

The pretracheal space is the area in front of the windpipe (trachea). Infections here can lead to serious chest infections called mediastinitis. If you see this term in your medical records, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis by itself but part of a larger medical context.

Prevacid, also known as lansoprazole, is a medicine that lowers stomach acid. It is used to treat conditions like stomach ulcers, acid reflux (heartburn), and other problems caused by too much stomach acid. It belongs to a group of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Patients should always talk with their healthcare team about how this medicine fits into their care.

Prevalence is a medical term that describes how many people in a specific group have a certain disease or condition at a particular time. For example, it can show how many people currently have cancer or have had it recently. Understanding prevalence helps patients and caregivers see the bigger picture but should always be discussed with a healthcare team to understand what it means for an individual.

The prevascular space, also called the anterior mediastinum, is the front part of the chest between the lungs. It is an important area because certain tumors can develop there. When you see this term in medical reports or hear it from your care team, it describes a location in the chest, not a diagnosis. Understanding this term can help you ask informed questions about your health and treatment.

Prevention means taking steps to lower the chance of getting cancer. This includes avoiding things that increase risk, like smoking or too much sun, and adopting healthy habits such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight. Prevention also involves vaccines and medicines that can reduce cancer risk. It’s important to talk with your care team about what prevention means for you personally.

Preventive means taking steps to lower the chance of developing cancer. This can include screening tests, lifestyle changes, or treatments aimed at reducing risk. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand how preventive measures apply personally by discussing with the healthcare team, rather than seeing the term as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Preventive mastectomy is surgery to remove one or both breasts before cancer develops, aiming to lower the risk of breast cancer. It is often considered by people at very high risk, such as those with inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2. This surgery is also called prophylactic or risk-reducing mastectomy. It is important to discuss with your care team how this option fits your personal risk and health situation.

Prialt, also known as Ziconotide or SNX 111, is a drug used to treat severe chronic pain. It is given directly into the spinal fluid through a special pump, which is different from most pain medicines. Patients and caregivers should always ask their care team how Prialt applies to their specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or a general treatment recommendation.

Primary cancer, also called primary tumor, is the original site where cancer starts in the body. Cancer cells from this first tumor can spread to other parts of the body, forming new tumors called secondary or metastatic tumors. These new tumors are made of the same type of cancer cells as the primary cancer. Understanding this term helps clarify reports and treatment plans.

Primary care is the basic health care you receive regularly from a trusted health professional. It includes check-ups, treatment of common illnesses, preventive care like vaccines and screenings, and advice on healthy living. Primary care providers are often the first people you see for health concerns and can help coordinate any specialist care you might need.

A primary care provider (PCP) is a doctor, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant who helps manage your overall health. They diagnose and treat common illnesses, provide preventive care like screenings and vaccines, and coordinate care with specialists when needed. Having a trusted PCP can support your health during and after cancer treatment by helping manage other conditions and ensuring your care is well organized.

Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare cancer that starts in lymph tissue within the brain, spinal cord, the protective layers around the brain (meninges), or the eye. It mainly affects people with weakened immune systems but can also occur in others. Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, or vision changes. Treatment often involves chemotherapy, radiation, and other therapies tailored to the patient’s health.

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare cancer that starts in lymph tissue within the brain, spinal cord, the coverings around the brain (meninges), or the eye. It mainly affects the central nervous system and is more common in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, vision changes, and confusion. Treatment often involves chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and corticosteroids.

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, fast-growing type of lymphoma that affects B-cells, a kind of immune cell. It often causes fluid buildup in body cavities like the chest or abdomen. PEL usually occurs in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, and is linked to infection with a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 or KSHV).

A primary endpoint is the main result that a clinical trial measures to see if a treatment works. It is decided before the trial starts and often relates to outcomes like survival or tumor growth. For patients and caregivers, understanding the primary endpoint helps put trial results in context and guides discussions with the care team about what the findings mean for individual care.

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts in B cells located in the mediastinum, the area behind the breastbone. It mostly affects women aged 30 to 40 but can also occur in older children. This cancer can spread to other organs and tissues. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab.

Primary myelofibrosis is a rare, long-term bone marrow disorder where scar tissue replaces healthy marrow. This change causes blood cells to be made in other organs like the liver and spleen, often leading to an enlarged spleen and anemia. It is also known by other names such as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also called premature ovarian failure, is when the ovaries stop working normally before age 40. This can cause irregular or missed periods, symptoms like menopause, and fertility problems. POI may happen due to genetic conditions, certain diseases, or cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Some women with POI may still have occasional periods and possibly get pregnant.

Primary peritoneal cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the peritoneum, the thin tissue lining the abdomen and covering abdominal organs. It is similar to ovarian epithelial cancer and is treated in much the same way. This cancer can sometimes spread to the ovaries and shares symptoms and treatment options with ovarian and fallopian tube cancers.

Primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare and fast-growing cancer that starts in the kidney. It often spreads to other parts of the body, especially in children. If you hear this term, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about what it means for your or your child’s specific situation, rather than focusing on the name alone.

Primary therapy is the first treatment given for a disease, often considered the main or best option. It may be called first-line therapy, induction therapy, or primary treatment. If this initial treatment doesn’t work or causes serious side effects, other treatments may be tried. Patients should ask their care team how primary therapy applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or final plan.

Primary treatment is the first main treatment given for cancer, often called first-line or induction therapy. It aims to directly target the cancer and may be surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Sometimes other treatments, called adjunct therapies, are added to support the primary treatment and improve outcomes. Understanding primary treatment helps patients know the main focus of their care and why multiple treatments might be recommended.

A primary tumor is the original cancer growth where cancer cells first develop. These cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors. Sometimes, the primary tumor cannot be found, which can affect diagnosis and treatment. The term primary tumor may also be called primary cancer, so checking the exact wording in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) is a rare type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells found in the brain or spinal cord, called the central nervous system (CNS). It can affect important brain or spinal functions and usually requires specialized care. PNET may also appear under related names, so understanding the exact diagnosis helps patients and caregivers follow treatment and discussions.

A Principal Investigator (PI) is the person in charge of a clinical trial or research study. They design the study plan, oversee its progress, analyze the data, and report the results. Knowing who the PI is can help patients understand who leads the research and who to contact with questions about a clinical trial or study.

Prinivil is a brand name for lisinopril, a medicine used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and kidney problems related to diabetes. It belongs to a group called ACE inhibitors that help relax blood vessels to lower blood pressure. You might see Prinivil also called lisinopril or Zestril in medical records or prescriptions. Always ask your care team what it means for your specific health situation.

Prinomastat, also called AG3340, is an experimental drug studied for cancer treatment. It works by blocking enzymes that help tumors grow new blood vessels. While it may be mentioned in research or clinical trials, prinomastat is not yet an approved or standard treatment for cancer. It may also appear under related names such as AG3340.

PRO stands for Patient-Reported Outcome, which means health information that comes directly from the patient. This can include descriptions of symptoms, feelings about care, and how illness or treatment affects daily life. PROs help doctors understand a patient’s experience and plan better care. If you see PRO in your medical records or reports, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

Pro-oxidants are substances that can cause damage to cells by producing reactive oxygen molecules. In cancer care, some pro-oxidants may target cancer cells because tumors often have fewer natural defenses against this damage. Patients should understand the term in context and discuss with their care team how it relates to their treatment or health, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or direct treatment advice.

A proband is the first person in a family identified as possibly having a genetic condition. This person may seek medical care or genetic testing, which can help doctors understand if relatives might also be at risk. The term helps show family connections and patterns of inherited diseases but is not a diagnosis by itself.

Probenecid is a medicine mainly used to treat gout by helping the body remove uric acid. It can also be used with some antibiotics to make them work better or to protect the kidneys during certain antiviral treatments. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Probiotics are live microorganisms, often found in foods like yogurt or dietary supplements, that may help support digestion and keep the gut healthy. One common probiotic is Lactobacillus acidophilus. If you see the term probiotic in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your treatment or health, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Procarbazine hydrochloride (brand name Matulane) is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth. It is also being studied for other cancers. Procarbazine is often part of combination chemotherapy plans and may appear under different names in medical reports.

Prochlorperazine is a medication used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting, including those caused by chemotherapy or migraines. It can also treat certain mental health conditions. It carries some risks, especially in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, so it’s important to discuss its use with your healthcare team. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Procrit is a medicine used to treat anemia, a condition where the blood has too few red blood cells. It is a lab-made version of a natural hormone called erythropoietin that helps the body make more red blood cells. Procrit is often used for anemia caused by chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, or other conditions to help reduce tiredness and the need for blood transfusions.

Proctitis, also called rectitis, is inflammation of the lining of the rectum, the last part of the large intestine near the anus. It can cause symptoms like rectal pain, discharge, bleeding, and a feeling of needing to have a bowel movement even when the rectum is empty. Proctitis may result from infections, radiation therapy, or other causes. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A proctoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens used by doctors to look inside the anus and rectum. It helps check for conditions like hemorrhoids, rectal polyps, or cancers. The device may also allow doctors to take small tissue samples for testing. Modern versions use fiber optics to reduce discomfort during the exam.

Proctoscopy is a medical exam that uses a thin, tube-like instrument called a proctoscope to look inside the anus and rectum. It helps doctors check for problems like hemorrhoids, polyps, or signs of cancer. Sometimes, a small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken during the exam to test for disease. The procedure is usually brief and may cause mild discomfort.

Proctosigmoidoscopy, also called sigmoidoscopy, is a test that lets doctors look inside the lower part of the colon and rectum using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera. It helps find abnormal growths like polyps or signs of colorectal cancer. Experts often recommend this screening every 5 to 10 years for people at average risk to help detect problems early.

Progeny usually means offspring or descendants, such as children or genetic copies. In medical or cancer-related contexts, it can refer to cells or viruses that come from an original source. If you see this word in your health records or discussions, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

Progesterone is a natural hormone made by the body that helps regulate the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy. It can also be made in a lab and used as medicine for birth control, menstrual problems, menopause symptoms, and other health issues. In cancer care, tests may check if cancer cells have progesterone receptors, which can affect how the cancer grows and responds to treatment.

Progesterone Receptor (PR) is a protein found inside some cells, including certain cancer cells. It binds to the hormone progesterone, which can help some cancers grow. Testing tumor samples for PR helps doctors understand if hormone-related treatments might be helpful. Patients should discuss what PR results mean for their specific case with their care team.

Progesterone Receptor Negative (PR Negative) means cancer cells do not have proteins called progesterone receptors. These cells do not need the hormone progesterone to grow. This term is often used in breast cancer reports and helps doctors understand how the cancer might respond to hormone-related treatments. It’s important to discuss what PR Negative means for your specific case with your healthcare team.

Progesterone Receptor Positive (PR Positive) means cancer cells have proteins called progesterone receptors that can bind to the hormone progesterone. These cancer cells may need progesterone to grow. Knowing if cancer is PR positive helps doctors decide if hormone-blocking treatments might be helpful. This term is often used in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment discussions.

A progesterone receptor test is a lab test that checks if breast cancer cells have proteins called progesterone receptors. These receptors allow the hormone progesterone to attach to the cells, which can influence how the cancer grows. Knowing if cancer cells have these receptors helps doctors decide on the best treatment options, especially hormone therapies. It’s important to discuss what your specific test results mean with your care team.

Progestin is a hormone similar to the natural female hormone progesterone. It is often found in birth control pills and hormone therapies. In cancer care, progestins may be discussed because they can affect hormone-related cancers and symptoms. Understanding progestin in context helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions about cancer risk, treatment options, and side effects.

Prognosis is a medical term that describes the likely course and outcome of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence. In cancer care, prognosis helps doctors and patients understand how the cancer might behave over time and guides treatment decisions. It is important to discuss prognosis with your care team to understand what it means for your individual situation.

A prognostic factor is a condition or characteristic that helps estimate the likely outcome of a disease, such as the chance of recovery or the chance the disease may come back. Understanding prognostic factors can help patients and caregivers better understand what to expect and guide decisions about treatment and follow-up care.

Programmed cell death, also called apoptosis, is a natural process where cells follow a set of steps to die when they are no longer needed or are damaged. This helps keep the body healthy by safely removing unwanted cells. In cancer, this process can be blocked, allowing unhealthy cells to survive and grow. Understanding programmed cell death can help explain how some treatments work and why cancer cells behave differently.

Progression in cancer means the disease is getting worse or spreading in the body. It is an important concept because it helps doctors understand how the cancer is changing over time. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team what progression means for their specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Progression-Free Survival (PFS) is the length of time during and after cancer treatment that a patient lives with the disease without it getting worse. It helps doctors and patients understand how well a treatment is working by showing how long the cancer remains controlled. PFS is often used in clinical trials and may be reported alongside other survival measures.

Progressive disease means a condition, such as cancer, that is growing, spreading, or getting worse over time. It is a term doctors use to describe when a disease does not improve or stabilize but instead shows signs of advancing. Understanding this term in context is important, as it helps patients and caregivers know how their illness is changing and what that might mean for treatment.

Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) is a rare inherited liver disorder that causes bile to build up inside the liver. This buildup can damage the liver and may lead to liver failure or increase the risk of liver cancer. PFIC usually appears in infants or young children and is caused by changes in certain genes that affect how the liver works.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is a simple technique where you tense and then relax different muscle groups to help reduce stress and promote relaxation. In cancer care, PMR may be used to ease symptoms, improve quality of life, and support coping with treatment side effects. It is a non-medical, complementary approach often explored alongside standard cancer treatments.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is a simple, drug-free technique where you tense and then relax different muscle groups to reduce stress and promote calm. In cancer care, PMR may help ease symptoms like anxiety, sleep problems, and pain, supporting overall comfort and quality of life alongside standard treatments. It is important to discuss PMR with your healthcare team to ensure it fits safely with your care.

Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland in the brain. It helps women produce milk after pregnancy and affects many body functions, including the immune system and hormone balance. Some tumors, like pituitary tumors called prolactinomas, can cause high prolactin levels, which may affect hormone balance and lead to symptoms like breast tissue growth in men (gynecomastia). It’s important to discuss what prolactin means for you with your care team.

Proleukin, also called Aldesleukin or recombinant human interleukin-2, is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight certain cancers. It boosts the activity of white blood cells to attack cancer cells and is mainly used for melanoma and kidney cancer that has spread. It may be part of treatment plans or clinical trials and is studied for other cancers as well.

Prolia is a medicine used to help increase bone strength in some patients with breast or prostate cancer who are at high risk of bone fractures. It works by slowing down bone breakdown, helping to keep bones stronger. Prolia is a brand name for the drug denosumab and is part of care plans aimed at protecting bone health during cancer treatment.

Proliferating means cells are multiplying or increasing in number. In cancer care, doctors look at how quickly cancer cells are proliferating to understand how aggressive the cancer might be and to help guide treatment decisions. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to ask your care team what this term means for your specific situation rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

The proliferative index measures how many cells in a tumor are actively dividing. It helps doctors understand how fast a tumor might be growing. Often, it is used together with the S-phase fraction, which shows the percentage of cells copying their DNA. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to discuss what this number means for the individual case rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment decision on its own.

Prolonged Water Fasting is a diet approach where a person consumes only water for an extended period. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. However, it is considered experimental and should only be used under close medical supervision, especially because cancer patients have unique health risks.

Prolozone therapy is a treatment that uses injections of ozone gas combined with local anesthetics and nutrients. It is mainly promoted for pain relief and to support healing in joints and tissues. While it is mentioned in some pain and musculoskeletal care contexts, its role in cancer care is not clearly established. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy might relate to their individual situation.

Prolymphocytic Leukemia (PLL) is a type of chronic lymphocytic leukemia where the body produces too many immature white blood cells called prolymphocytes. These cells build up in the blood and bone marrow. PLL usually grows faster than typical CLL. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions and should ask their care team what it means for their specific situation.

Promacta, also known as eltrombopag olamine, is a medicine used to treat low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) in adults and children with certain blood conditions like immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and severe aplastic anemia. It works by helping the bone marrow produce more platelets, which are important for blood clotting. Promacta is approved by the FDA and is also being studied for other conditions and some cancers.

Promegapoietin is a drug used during chemotherapy to help the body make more blood cells, especially platelets. It belongs to a group of medicines called colony-stimulating factors that support blood cell growth. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug fits into their treatment plan rather than viewing the term alone as a diagnosis or recommendation.

Promune, also known as CpG 7909 or PF-3512676, is an experimental drug being studied for some types of cancer. It belongs to a group called biological response modifiers that work by stimulating the immune system to help the body fight cancer. Promune is not yet a standard treatment and is usually seen in clinical trials or research settings.

Promyelocytic leukemia, also called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), is a fast-growing blood cancer where immature blood cells called promyelocytes build up in the bone marrow and blood. It often involves a specific genetic change between chromosomes 15 and 17. Treatments like all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) help these immature cells mature into healthy blood cells, improving the disease.

The promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML gene) makes a protein that helps control how cells grow and divide. Changes in this gene, especially when it joins with another gene called RARA, can cause a fast-growing blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This gene normally helps prevent cancer by supporting cell death when cells are damaged.

Prophylactic means something done to prevent or lower the risk of disease before it starts. In cancer care, prophylactic surgery or treatments are sometimes chosen by people at high risk to reduce their chance of developing cancer. Examples include removing breasts or ovaries before cancer develops. It’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) is a type of radiation therapy aimed at the brain to lower the chance that cancer will spread there. It is used as a preventive step in certain cancers with a high risk of brain metastasis, even when no cancer is currently detected in the brain. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your personal situation.

Prophylactic mastectomy, also called preventive or risk-reducing mastectomy, is surgery to remove one or both breasts before cancer develops. It is often chosen by people at very high risk of breast cancer, such as those with inherited gene changes like BRCA1 or BRCA2. This surgery can greatly lower the chance of breast cancer but does not completely eliminate the risk.

Prophylactic oophorectomy is surgery to remove both ovaries, sometimes along with the fallopian tubes, to lower the risk of ovarian and breast cancer. It is often recommended for women with a high genetic risk, such as those with BRCA gene mutations. This preventive surgery helps reduce hormone levels that can fuel some cancers and is also called risk-reducing oophorectomy.

Prophylactic surgery is an operation done to remove an organ or tissue that does not have cancer but may develop cancer in the future. People at high risk for certain cancers sometimes choose this surgery to lower their chance of getting cancer. It’s important to talk with your care team about what this means for you personally, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Prophylaxis means taking steps to prevent disease. In cancer care, it often refers to treatments aimed at stopping cancer from spreading to or returning in the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. This is especially important for certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. Patients should discuss with their care team how prophylaxis fits into their treatment plan and what to expect.

Propranolol hydrochloride is a medicine used to treat infantile hemangioma, a common noncancerous blood vessel tumor in infants aged 5 weeks to 5 months. It belongs to a group called beta blockers, which help relax and widen blood vessels. Propranolol is also used for other conditions like high blood pressure and is being studied for possible uses in cancer care. Always ask your healthcare team how it applies to your or your child’s care.

In medicine, "prospective" describes studies or events planned to happen in the future, where people are followed over time to see what occurs. In cancer care, it often refers to research or clinical trials that track patients forward to learn about treatments, risks, or outcomes. For patients, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your personal care.

A prospective cohort study is a type of research that follows groups of people over time who share many similarities but differ in one key factor, such as smoking status. Researchers watch these groups to see how often a certain outcome, like cancer, develops. This helps identify possible risk factors but is not a diagnosis or treatment plan for individuals.

Prost 30 is a laboratory-made monoclonal antibody being studied for detecting and treating cancer. It works by finding and attaching to cancer cells. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Prostaglandins (PG) are natural hormone-like substances made by the body that help control processes like blood flow and muscle contractions. In cancer care, you might hear about prostaglandins when managing side effects or treatments, especially related to prostate cancer. Terms like alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) or COX-2 (an enzyme linked to prostaglandins) may appear in your medical information. Always ask your care team how these terms relate to your care.

Prostaglandin E1, also called alprostadil or PGE1, is a medication that helps relax blood vessels to improve blood flow. It is often used to treat erectile dysfunction, especially in men who have difficulty after prostate cancer surgery. You might see this term in medical records or treatment plans related to managing sexual side effects after cancer treatment.

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2, also known as COX-2 or cyclooxygenase-2, is an enzyme in the body that helps produce substances causing inflammation and pain. Some tumors have higher levels of COX-2, and blocking its activity may slow tumor growth. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your personal health.

ProstaScint, also known as capromab pendetide, is a special substance used to help find prostate cancer cells in the body. It combines a lab-made antibody with a small amount of radioactive material. After injection, a special camera detects radiation to locate cancer cells, aiding doctors in diagnosis and treatment planning. It is one tool among many and should be discussed with your care team.

A Prostascint scan is a special imaging test used to help find prostate cancer cells in the body. It involves an injection of a radioactive substance that attaches to prostate cells, followed by a scan with a gamma camera to highlight possible cancer areas. Results help doctors understand if cancer has spread, but the test is one part of a larger diagnostic process and should be discussed with your care team.

The prostate is a small gland in the male reproductive system that helps produce semen. It can change with age and cause conditions like prostatitis, enlarged prostate (BPH), or prostate cancer. Understanding prostate health, symptoms, and treatments can help you talk with your care team and get the right care for your situation.

Prostate cancer is a disease where cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. It usually grows slowly and often causes no symptoms at first. Many men live with prostate cancer without it causing serious problems. Treatment options vary and may include monitoring, surgery, radiation, or hormone therapy. Screening and treatment decisions should be made together with your healthcare provider.

The Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 mRNA (PCA3) test is a urine test that measures genetic material from prostate cells. It helps doctors decide if a man with a high PSA blood test but a negative prostate biopsy might need another biopsy. The test compares levels of PCA3 mRNA and PSA mRNA, which tend to be higher in prostate cancer cells.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein made by the prostate gland and measured by a blood test often used to screen for prostate cancer. High PSA levels can also be caused by non-cancer conditions like prostate inflammation or enlargement. PSA testing helps doctors monitor prostate health but does not alone diagnose cancer.

The Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein made by the prostate gland. It is often used to help screen for prostate cancer, but PSA levels can also be raised by other prostate conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. PSA testing helps doctors monitor prostate health but does not by itself diagnose cancer.

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is a protein found on prostate cells, especially in higher amounts on prostate cancer cells. It helps doctors detect and treat prostate cancer by serving as a target for imaging tests and certain treatments. PSMA-targeted therapies, like the drug Pluvicto, deliver radiation directly to cancer cells that have spread and no longer respond to hormone therapy.

A Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) PET scan is an imaging test used to find prostate cancer cells in the body. It works by injecting a small amount of a radioactive substance that attaches to a protein called PSMA, found on prostate cancer cells. The scan helps doctors see where the cancer is, including if it has spread or come back after treatment.

A prostatectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the prostate gland and some nearby tissues. It is often done to treat prostate cancer or other prostate problems. The surgery can be done through different approaches, including open cuts or minimally invasive methods. It may affect urinary and sexual functions, so it’s important to discuss with your care team how it applies to your situation.

Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) is an enzyme made by the prostate gland. It may be found in higher amounts in men with prostate cancer, especially when the cancer has spread. Doctors sometimes measure PAP levels to help understand prostate health, but it is not a definitive test for cancer and is used alongside other exams and tests.

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) is a noncancerous change in the cells lining the prostate gland. High-grade PIN may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. It is often found during prostate biopsies and should be discussed with your care team to understand what it means for your health. It may also appear under related names such as PIN.

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, a common condition that can cause urinary symptoms and pain. It is not cancer and does not increase prostate cancer risk. Prostatitis may raise PSA blood test levels, which are used to screen for prostate cancer, but this does not mean cancer is present. Understanding prostatitis helps patients and caregivers recognize symptoms, ask questions, and avoid confusion during prostate cancer screening or treatment.

Prostatocystectomy, also called cystoprostatectomy, is a surgery that removes both the bladder and the prostate gland. Sometimes nearby tissues like the seminal vesicles and lymph nodes are also removed. This surgery is often part of cancer treatment for bladder or prostate cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A prosthesis is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, such as an arm or leg. In cancer care, prostheses are often used after amputation to help patients regain mobility and perform daily activities. Prosthetic devices are designed to meet individual needs and can restore function or appearance depending on the situation.

Amputation and prosthetic rehabilitation in cancer care involve surgically removing a limb or part of a limb when tumors or treatment damage the area beyond repair. After surgery, patients may be fitted with an artificial limb (prosthesis) and receive therapy to regain mobility, manage pain, and improve daily function. This process helps restore independence when saving the limb is not possible.

A prosthetist is a healthcare professional specially trained to design, fit, and adjust artificial limbs (prostheses) for people who have lost arms or legs. They work closely with patients to ensure the prosthesis fits well and helps with comfortable, natural movement. Prosthetists are certified experts who guide patients through the process of using prosthetic devices safely and effectively.

A prosthodontist is a dentist with special training to replace missing teeth and restore the mouth’s function and appearance. They often help patients who have lost teeth or parts of the mouth due to cancer, surgery, injury, or birth defects. Prosthodontists create custom dental prostheses to improve comfort, chewing, speaking, and smile aesthetics.

Prostration means being extremely weak or tired, so much that a person cannot do anything. It can also refer to a physical gesture of bowing or lying face down, often used in religious or cultural practices to show respect or humility. In cancer care, understanding the context of prostration is important, as it may describe a patient’s physical state or a cultural practice, not a diagnosis or treatment.

Protease inhibitors are substances that block enzymes called proteases, which help break down proteins. Some protease inhibitors stop viruses like HIV from making copies of themselves, while others are being studied for their potential to slow or prevent cancer growth. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Proteasome inhibitors are medicines that block proteasomes, which are parts of cells that break down proteins. These drugs are used mainly to treat certain blood cancers like multiple myeloma, especially when the cancer has returned or did not improve after other treatments. They help stop cancer cells from growing and may cause them to die. Examples include bortezomib and carfilzomib.

Protection of Human Subjects refers to U.S. federal rules that help keep people safe when they volunteer for research studies, especially those involving health or medical treatments. These laws require researchers to explain studies clearly, get your informed consent, and monitor safety to respect your rights and well-being during research.

A protective factor is something that may lower the chance of getting a disease, including cancer. Examples include regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a balanced diet. Protective factors help reduce risk but do not guarantee prevention. It’s important to understand these factors in context and discuss with your care team how they apply to your personal health.

Protegrins are small proteins originally found in pig white blood cells that can kill certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by making holes in their outer membranes. They belong to a group called antimicrobial peptides. Synthetic versions of protegrins, like iseganan hydrochloride, are being studied for managing painful mouth sores caused by cancer treatments. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Proteins are molecules made of amino acids that are essential for your body to work properly. They form parts of your body like skin and hair and help make important substances such as enzymes and antibodies. Getting enough protein in your diet supports overall health and can be important during cancer care.

Protein expression refers to how much of certain proteins cancer cells make. Studying protein expression can help doctors learn about the type of cancer, choose the best treatment, and see how well treatment is working. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand protein expression in context and ask the care team what it means for the individual’s care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A Protein Expression Profile (also called protein signature or proteomic profile) is a test that looks at many proteins made by cells, including cancer cells. It helps doctors learn about the type of cancer, guide treatment choices, and monitor how well treatment is working. For patients, it’s important to understand this test in context and ask the care team what it means for their specific situation.

Protein Kinase B, also called Akt, is a group of enzymes inside cells that help control cell growth and survival. These enzymes send signals that influence how cells grow, divide, and avoid dying. In cancer, Akt can affect how cancer cells grow and resist treatment. You might see this term in medical reports, treatment plans, or research about cancer.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an enzyme found throughout the body that helps control how cells grow and communicate. It is being studied in cancer treatment because it plays a role in cell growth and survival. PKC may appear in medical reports or research under this name or as PKC. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Protein kinase inhibitors are drugs that block enzymes called protein kinases, which help control cell growth and division. Some of these inhibitors, like imatinib and gefitinib, are used to treat cancer by stopping cancer cells from growing. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

Protein Restriction Approaches refer to diet plans that limit protein intake and are discussed in cancer care for their potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These approaches may be considered as part of supportive care or alternative strategies, but patients should always consult their healthcare team before making changes.

A Protein Signature, also called a Protein Expression Profile or Proteomic Profile, is a test that looks at many proteins made by cells, including cancer cells. It helps doctors understand the type of cancer, guide treatment choices, and monitor how well treatment is working. For patients, it’s important to ask the care team what the results mean for their specific situation, as this test is one part of a larger picture.

Protein-Bound Paclitaxel is a special form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel used to treat certain breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It attaches paclitaxel to tiny protein particles called nanoparticles, which may help the medicine reach tumors more effectively and cause fewer side effects. It is also known by names like Abraxane, ABI-007, and nanoparticle paclitaxel.

Abraxane, also called Protein-Bound Paclitaxel Nanoparticle Therapy, is a chemotherapy treatment that uses tiny protein-bound particles to deliver the drug paclitaxel directly to cancer cells. This method helps the medicine reach tumors more effectively and may reduce some side effects compared to traditional paclitaxel. It is commonly used to treat breast, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancers.

Proteinuria means having more protein than usual in your urine. It often has no symptoms and may be found during routine tests. Proteinuria can happen because of kidney problems, certain diseases, or some cancer treatments like bevacizumab (Avastin). Sometimes it causes foamy urine or swelling. Doctors use urine tests to check for proteinuria and may adjust treatments to protect kidney health.

Proteogenomics is the study of how a cell’s DNA relates to the proteins it makes. This research helps scientists understand which proteins play a role in diseases like cancer and may guide the development of new treatments. For patients, it’s important to discuss with your care team what proteogenomics means for your specific situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Proteoglycans are molecules made of protein and sugar chains found mainly in cartilage and other connective tissues. They help provide structure and support to tissues. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

The proteome is the complete set of proteins made by a person’s cells or body at a certain time. Proteins are important molecules that carry out many functions in cells. Understanding the proteome can help doctors learn which proteins are involved in diseases like cancer and may guide treatment decisions. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

A Proteomic Profile, also called a Protein Expression Profile or Protein Signature, is a test that looks at many proteins made by cells, including cancer cells. It helps doctors understand the type of cancer, guide treatment choices, and monitor how well treatment is working. For patients, it’s important to ask the care team what the results mean for their specific situation, as this test is one part of a larger picture.

Proteomics is the study of proteins—their structure, function, and interactions inside cells. In cancer care, proteomics helps researchers and doctors understand how tumors behave by analyzing the proteins they produce. This information can guide treatment decisions but is not a treatment itself. Proteomics is often part of advanced tests like NantWorks GPS Cancer, which look closely at a tumor’s biology to support personalized cancer care.

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that helps cells grow and divide. Sometimes, changes in this gene can turn it into an oncogene, which may cause cells to grow uncontrollably and lead to cancer. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific health situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Cancell, also known as Cantron or Protocel, is a liquid mixture promoted by some as a cancer treatment. It contains chemicals that have not been proven to treat or prevent cancer. Since 1989, it has been illegal in the U.S. to make, sell, or distribute Cancell or related products as treatments for any disease. No reliable scientific studies support its use, so patients should discuss any interest with their healthcare providers.

A protocol is a detailed plan for cancer treatment, often involving a combination of chemotherapy drugs designed to shrink tumors, lower the chance of cancer returning, or treat cancer that has spread. It is important for patients and caregivers to understand the specific meaning of a protocol in their own care and to discuss it with their healthcare team rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a fixed treatment.

A proton is a tiny particle with a positive electric charge found in the nucleus of every atom. In cancer care, streams of protons can be used in special radiation treatments to target and kill tumor cells. Patients should ask their care team how the term proton applies to their diagnosis or treatment, rather than assuming it refers to a specific test or therapy on its own.

Proton Beam Radiation Therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses tiny, positively charged particles called protons to kill tumor cells. Unlike traditional x-ray radiation, it can target tumors more precisely, helping to protect nearby healthy tissue. It is often used for cancers in sensitive areas like the brain, eye, lung, spine, and prostate. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment might apply to their specific situation.

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) is a special, noninvasive scan that measures chemical activity inside cells. Often done with MRI scans, it helps doctors see not only the size and shape of tumors but also how tumor cells are functioning. This extra information can support diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring in cancer care.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medicines that reduce the amount of acid your stomach makes. They are often used to treat conditions like heartburn, acid reflux, and stomach ulcers. In cancer care, PPIs may help protect the stomach and esophagus during treatment or manage symptoms caused by acid. These medicines work by blocking an enzyme in stomach cells that produces acid.

Protozoal refers to things related to protozoa, which are tiny, single-celled animals like amebas. These organisms are different from bacteria and can sometimes cause infections. In cancer care, protozoal infections or medicines that target protozoa may come up, especially when managing infections or exploring certain treatments. It’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Provenge, also known as APC 8015 or sipuleucel-T, is a vaccine treatment for advanced prostate cancer that has spread and no longer responds to hormone therapy. It uses a patient’s own immune cells, modified in a lab to help the body recognize and attack cancer cells. Provenge is used for men with few or no symptoms and aims to slow cancer growth rather than cure it.

Proximal is a medical term used to describe a part of the body that is closer to the center or main part of the body compared to another part. For example, the knee is proximal to the toes because it is nearer to the body’s center. In cancer care, understanding whether a tumor is in a proximal or distal part of an organ can help clarify its location. It’s important to ask your care team how this term applies to.

The proximal colon is the first and middle part of the large intestine. It includes the cecum (where the small intestine connects), the ascending colon on the right side, and the transverse colon that crosses the body. In cancer care, the term “proximal” helps describe where a tumor or condition is located. It’s important to ask your care team how this term applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

The proximal urethra is the part of the urethra closest to the inside of the body. In women, it is near the bladder, and in men, it passes through the prostate gland. The term “proximal” means closer to the center of the body. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment.

Proximal urethral cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the part of the urethra closest to the inside of the body. In women, this is near the bladder; in men, it is the section passing through the prostate gland. This cancer often grows deeply into surrounding tissues. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Proxinium, also called Anti-EpCAM-Pseudomonas-Exotoxin fusion protein or VB4-845, is an experimental targeted treatment studied for some head and neck cancers. It combines an antibody fragment that attaches to a protein on cancer cells with a bacterial toxin that may help kill those cells. Proxinium is not yet a standard treatment and is mainly available through clinical trials.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a targeted cancer treatment that uses a radioactive drug linked to a small protein (peptide) to find and treat certain tumors, especially neuroendocrine tumors. The radioactive peptide binds to specific receptors on cancer cells, delivering radiation directly to them while sparing most normal tissues. PRRT is often used when other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy are not enough.

Pruritus means itching of the skin. It can be caused by certain cancers or cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy. It may happen with or without a rash. Managing pruritus involves finding what triggers the itching and using treatments such as creams, lotions, or medicines. If you have itching during cancer care, talk with your health care team to find the best way to relieve it.

Bortezomib, also known as PS-341 or Velcade, is a medicine used to treat adults with certain blood cancers, including multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. It works by blocking enzymes called proteasomes, which helps stop cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Bortezomib is given by injection and is often part of treatment plans when other therapies have been tried.

PSA, or prostate-specific antigen, is a protein made by the prostate gland and found in the blood. PSA levels can rise due to prostate cancer, an enlarged prostate, or inflammation. A PSA blood test helps doctors screen for prostate cancer, monitor treatment, and check for changes after therapy. PSA levels can fluctuate for many reasons, so results are interpreted carefully with other tests and health information.

PSA bounce is a temporary rise and fall in the blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that can happen 1 to 3 years after radiation treatment for prostate cancer. It does not mean the cancer has returned. Patients should discuss what PSA bounce means for their own situation with their care team instead of assuming it signals a problem.

PSA failure, also called biochemical recurrence or biochemical relapse, means that the level of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) in the blood rises after prostate cancer treatment like surgery or radiation. This rise may suggest the cancer has returned, even if there are no symptoms. It signals doctors to watch closely and consider further tests or treatments if needed.

The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a protein made by the prostate gland, in the blood. It is often used to help screen for prostate cancer, but PSA levels can also be affected by non-cancerous conditions like an enlarged prostate or inflammation. Understanding PSA test results can help guide further testing or monitoring.

PSA velocity measures how quickly prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood rise over time. A faster increase may suggest the presence of prostate cancer, especially more aggressive types. PSA velocity is used to help monitor prostate health, guide decisions about further testing, and track prostate cancer after treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A psammoma body is a tiny, round collection of calcium seen under a microscope in some tumor cells. It can appear in both benign (non-cancer) and malignant (cancer) tumors. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in the context of individual medical reports and to ask the care team what it means for their specific situation.

PSC 833 is a substance being studied to help prevent or overcome cancer cells’ resistance to some anticancer drugs. It belongs to a group of drugs related to cyclosporine. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand PSC 833 in context and discuss with the care team how it might relate to an individual’s treatment, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or direct treatment recommendation.

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma is a very rare type of blood vessel tumor that usually forms on or under the skin of the arms or legs. It can also develop in deeper tissues like muscle or bone. These tumors may spread to nearby areas but rarely spread to distant parts of the body. They often cause pain and may come back after treatment. It is important to discuss what this diagnosis means for each person with their care team.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare condition where mucus builds up in the abdomen, often causing pain, bloating, and digestive problems. It usually starts from cancer cells in the appendix or other abdominal tissues that produce thick mucus. PMP is serious and can be life-threatening if untreated. Patients should discuss what this term means for their specific situation with their care team.

Psilocybin is a substance found in certain mushrooms that affects the brain and causes hallucinations—seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren’t really there. It is being studied as a possible treatment for depression, anxiety, and other conditions, including symptoms in people with advanced cancer. Psilocybin may also be called psilocybine, so checking the exact spelling in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

Psilocybin (also spelled psilocybine) is a natural substance found in certain mushrooms that can cause hallucinations—seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren’t really there. It is being studied as a possible treatment for depression, anxiety, and symptoms in people with advanced cancer. Psilocybin is used carefully in medical research and is not yet widely approved for cancer care.

PSMA (Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen) is a protein found in higher amounts on prostate cancer cells. Special imaging tests called PSMA PET scans use radioactive substances that attach to PSMA to help find prostate cancer and its spread. These scans are especially useful when prostate cancer may have returned or spread, guiding doctors in diagnosis and treatment planning.

A PSMA PET scan is a special imaging test used to find prostate cancer cells in the body. It uses a small amount of radioactive material that attaches to a protein called PSMA, which is found on many prostate cancer cells. This scan helps doctors see where the cancer is, including if it has spread, and can guide treatment decisions.

Psoralen is a natural substance found in some plants and fruits that becomes active when exposed to light. It is used with ultraviolet A (UVA) light in treatments for skin conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema, and certain types of skin lymphoma. Psoralen-based therapies can help control these skin problems but may increase the risk of skin damage and skin cancer. Patients should always discuss how psoralen applies to their care with their healthcare team.

Psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy, also called PUVA therapy, is a treatment that uses a drug called psoralen combined with ultraviolet A (UVA) light to treat certain skin conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, and some skin lymphomas. It may increase the risk of skin cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy applies to their situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Psoriasis is a long-lasting skin condition that causes red, itchy patches covered with silvery scales. It can appear on areas like elbows, knees, scalp, and more. Psoriasis is caused by an immune system problem that speeds up skin cell growth. Treatments include creams, medicines, and light therapy. In cancer care, medicines like acitretin may be used to manage psoriasis or reduce skin cancer risk.

A psychiatrist is a medical doctor trained to diagnose and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral health conditions. Your cancer care team may suggest seeing a psychiatrist if symptoms like depression don’t improve with initial treatment, worsen, or interfere with your cancer care. Psychiatrists can offer medication and therapy to help manage these challenges.

Psycho-Oncology, also called Mental Health Counseling, supports the emotional, mental, and relationship needs of people affected by cancer or serious illness. It helps patients and families cope with feelings like anxiety, depression, and stress during diagnosis, treatment, and beyond. The term may appear under different names, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for you.

Psycho-Oncology, also called Mental Health Counseling, supports the emotional and mental health needs of people affected by cancer or serious illness. It helps patients and families cope with feelings like anxiety, depression, and stress during diagnosis, treatment, and beyond. This counseling can improve well-being and quality of life throughout the cancer journey.

A psychoactive substance is a chemical that affects the brain and changes mood, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. These substances include common items like caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, as well as prescribed medicines and some illegal drugs. Psychoactive substances are used for medical treatment, pain relief, or recreational purposes. The term is sometimes also called psychotropic substance, and both words describe drugs that act on the brain.

Psychological refers to how the mind works and how thoughts and feelings affect behavior. In cancer care, it often relates to mental health, coping with diagnosis and treatment, and symptoms like mood changes or loss of appetite. Understanding psychological aspects helps doctors support patients’ emotional and mental well-being during their cancer journey.

A psychologist is a trained professional who talks with patients and families about emotional and personal challenges. They help people cope with feelings like depression, anxiety, or stress, especially during cancer treatment. Psychologists often provide counseling or talk therapy in individual or group settings to support mental health and improve quality of life.

Psychology is the study of how the mind works and how thoughts and feelings affect behavior. In cancer care, psychological approaches may help patients manage emotional challenges and symptoms during diagnosis, treatment, or follow-up. It is important for patients and caregivers to understand psychology in context and ask their care team how it applies to their individual situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or direct treatment for cancer.

Psychosis is a serious mental health condition where a person loses touch with reality. Symptoms can include seeing or hearing things that aren’t there (hallucinations) or having false beliefs (delusions). In cancer care, psychosis symptoms may arise from the illness or its treatments. Medicines called antipsychotics can help manage these symptoms to improve comfort and quality of life. Always ask your care team how this term applies to your situation.

Psychosocial refers to the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual effects of cancer and its treatment. It includes changes in how a person thinks, feels, copes, and relates to others. Psychosocial support can involve counseling, education, group activities, and spiritual care to help patients and caregivers manage these challenges. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Psychosocial support helps cancer patients and their families with the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual challenges that come with cancer. This support can include counseling, education, support groups, and spiritual care. It aims to improve coping, mood, relationships, and overall well-being during and after cancer treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Psychostimulants are drugs that increase alertness and energy by affecting brain chemicals, especially dopamine. They include medicines like amphetamine and methylphenidate, often used to treat conditions such as ADHD. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the term in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual care, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is a treatment that uses talking and other psychological methods to help people manage emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. It can support mental health during cancer care by helping patients cope with stress, anxiety, or depression. Psychotherapy is often combined with medicines like antidepressants and may include related approaches such as counseling or art therapy.

Psychotropic substances, also called psychoactive substances, are chemicals that affect the brain and change mood, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. They include common items like caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, as well as prescribed medicines and some illegal drugs. These substances may be used in cancer care to help manage symptoms but can also carry risks such as dependence or side effects.

Psyllium is a natural fiber from plant seeds used mainly to help relieve constipation and mild diarrhea. It works by absorbing water and softening stool, making bowel movements easier. Psyllium is also sometimes used as a food thickener. If you see psyllium mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis by itself.

PT-100, also called talabostat mesylate, is a substance being studied to help the immune system block the growth of cancer cells. It is being researched for use in cancers such as lung, pancreas, and brain cancer. PT-100 may also help increase the growth of new blood cells. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

PTC stands for Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography, a procedure that uses X-rays and a special dye to look at the bile ducts in the liver. It helps doctors find blockages or problems in these ducts. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand PTC in the context of your care and ask your healthcare team what it means for you personally.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTCD) is a procedure that helps drain bile when the bile ducts are blocked. A thin tube is placed through the skin and liver to relieve pressure and symptoms like jaundice. It is often used when other methods to open blocked bile ducts are not successful. PTCD is not a cancer treatment but a way to manage symptoms caused by bile duct blockage.

The PTCH1 gene helps control how cells grow and develop. Changes (mutations) in this gene can lead to an inherited condition called Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS), which raises the risk of developing basal cell skin cancer and other tumors. If you hear about PTCH1 in your care, it’s important to ask your healthcare team what it means for you or your family’s health and cancer risk.

The PTCH2 gene is a tumor suppressor gene involved in controlling cell growth. Changes (mutations) in this gene have been linked to an inherited condition called basal cell nevus syndrome and some cancers, including basal cell skin cancer and medulloblastoma, a type of brain cancer. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

PTEN is a gene that makes a protein helping control cell growth and death. Changes (mutations) in the PTEN gene are found in many cancers and other diseases. PTEN mutations can also cause a condition called PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, where many non-cancerous growths develop. Some cancer treatments, like the drug capivasertib, target cancers with PTEN gene changes to help stop cancer growth.

The PTEN gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth and death. Changes (mutations) in this gene are found in many types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. It is a tumor suppressor gene, meaning it helps prevent cells from growing uncontrollably. Patients may hear about PTEN in genetic testing or treatment discussions, especially for certain breast cancers.

PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS) is a rare inherited condition where many benign (non-cancerous) growths called hamartomas develop in the skin, mouth, and digestive tract. People with PHTS have a higher risk of certain cancers, including breast, thyroid, kidney, and melanoma. The syndrome is caused by changes in the PTEN gene, which normally helps control cell growth.

PTEN is a gene that makes a protein helping control how cells grow, divide, and die. Changes (mutations) in the PTEN gene are found in many types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. PTEN helps prevent cells from growing uncontrollably. Patients may hear about PTEN in genetic testing or treatment discussions, especially for certain breast cancers.

PTH, also called parathormone or parathyroid hormone, is made by the parathyroid glands and helps control calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. Changes in PTH levels can affect bone health and may signal certain conditions. In cancer care, PTH levels might be checked to understand related health issues. If you see PTH mentioned, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

PTK787/ZK 222584, also known as Vatalanib, is a substance studied in cancer treatment. It belongs to drug families called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and VEGF receptor kinase inhibitors. These drugs work by blocking signals that help tumors grow new blood vessels. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions, and it’s important to ask the care team what it means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) is a condition where certain immune cells called B-cells grow too much after an organ transplant. It often happens in people with weakened immune systems, especially if infected with Epstein-Barr virus. PTLD can sometimes develop into a type of cancer called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Ptosis is a drooping of the upper eyelid that can affect one or both eyes. It may be caused by weak eyelid muscles, nerve problems, aging, or injury. In some cases, ptosis can affect vision or cause eye strain. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may include surgery or other approaches recommended by your healthcare team.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing a traumatic event, including a cancer diagnosis or treatment. It may cause upsetting memories, nightmares, trouble sleeping, and feeling distant from others. Children, teens, and adults with cancer or cancer survivors may be at risk. Early treatment and ongoing support can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Puberty is the natural time in life when a child’s body changes and matures into an adult body capable of having children. These changes include growth of body hair, changes in voice, and development of breasts or genitalia. Puberty usually starts between ages 8 and 14 and involves hormonal shifts that prepare the body for reproduction.

Public health insurance in the United States mainly includes Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare generally covers people aged 65 or older and some with disabilities, while Medicaid helps individuals and families with low income or disabilities pay for medical care. Understanding how public health insurance applies to your situation is important, so ask your care team for guidance rather than assuming it relates directly to your diagnosis or treatment.

Pulmonary refers to anything related to the lungs, the organs that help you breathe by bringing oxygen into your blood and removing carbon dioxide. Pulmonary health is important in cancer care because lung function can be affected by cancer itself or treatments. Conditions like pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs) and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in lung arteries) are serious and need prompt medical attention.

Pulmonary disease refers to any condition that affects the lungs and respiratory system. Common examples include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and lung cancer. These diseases can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. Pulmonary diseases may result from infections, smoking, air pollution, or other health problems, and they often require medical care to manage symptoms and improve breathing.

Pulmonary edema is a condition where fluid builds up in the lungs’ air spaces, making it hard for oxygen to get into the blood. It often causes shortness of breath, coughing, and trouble exercising. Pulmonary edema is usually linked to heart problems but can also result from high blood pressure, infections, certain medicines, or living at high altitudes. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a sudden blockage in a lung artery, usually caused by a blood clot that travels from the leg or pelvis. It can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid breathing, or coughing up blood. PE is serious and needs urgent medical care to prevent lung damage or other complications.

Pulmonary function, also called lung function, describes how well your lungs work to help you breathe. Tests of pulmonary function measure how well oxygen enters your blood and how well carbon dioxide is removed. These tests help diagnose lung problems, monitor lung diseases, and guide treatment, especially if cancer or its treatment affects your breathing.

A pulmonary function test (PFT), also called a lung function test, measures how well your lungs work. It checks how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly you can breathe air in and out, and how well oxygen moves into your blood. Doctors use this test to diagnose lung problems and to see how well treatments are working.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation Education teaches patients with lung problems how to manage breathing difficulties and improve daily life. It includes learning breathing exercises, nutrition tips, medicine use, and ways to reduce stress and save energy. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how this education fits their personal health needs.

A pulmonary specialist, also called a pulmonologist, is a doctor trained to diagnose and treat lung diseases. They help manage conditions affecting breathing and lung health. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A pulmonary sulcus tumor, also called a Pancoast tumor, is a type of lung cancer that starts at the very top of the lung. Most are non-small cell lung cancers. Because of its location near bones and nerves, it can cause unique symptoms like shoulder pain, arm weakness, or numbness. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize why symptoms and treatments may differ from other lung cancers.

A pulmonologist, also called a pulmonary specialist, is a doctor trained to diagnose and treat lung and breathing problems. They help manage lung diseases and breathing difficulties, which can be important in cancer care when lung health needs evaluation. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, ask your care team how it relates to your personal situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Pulmonology is the medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating diseases of the lungs and respiratory system. It covers conditions like asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and emphysema. Pulmonologists often work closely with critical care teams, especially when patients need breathing support or mechanical ventilation. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand pulmonology in the context of individual care rather than as a diagnosis by itself.

Pulmozyme, also called dornase alfa inhalation solution, is a medicine given as a mist to help thin thick mucus in the lungs. It contains an enzyme that breaks down DNA in mucus, making it less sticky and easier to clear. It is mainly used to improve lung function in people with cystic fibrosis and is being studied for other uses, such as reducing thick saliva in head and neck cancer treatment.

Pulse, also called heart rate, is the number of times your heart beats each minute. It can be felt at places like the wrist or neck where arteries are close to the skin. During cancer treatment, doctors may watch your pulse closely to check your heart’s rhythm. If irregular heartbeats cause symptoms or risks, a pacemaker might be considered to help keep your heart beating properly.

In cancer care, a pump is a device used to deliver medicines or nutrients in a controlled way. Pumps help give chemotherapy, pain relief, or feeding fluids at a steady rate. Understanding what a pump does can help patients and caregivers ask the right questions about treatment and safety during cancer care.

A punch biopsy is a medical procedure where a small, round piece of tissue about the size of a pencil eraser is removed using a sharp, hollow tool. It is often used to check for certain cancers, such as skin, vulvar, or cervical cancer, or to examine skin changes that might lead to cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team what a punch biopsy means for their specific situation.

The pupil is the black, round opening in the center of the colored part of your eye (the iris). It controls how much light enters your eye by getting smaller in bright light and larger in dim light. Changes in pupil size can be important in some health conditions, including certain eye problems and side effects of medications. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team how it relates to your situation.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare condition where the bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells. It mainly affects adults and can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, certain cancers, kidney failure, pregnancy, or tumors of the thymus gland. PRCA may also be inherited, usually noticed in babies. Low red blood cells can cause tiredness, pale skin, and breathing problems. Understanding PRCA helps patients and caregivers manage symptoms and treatment.

Purines are natural chemical compounds that help build DNA and RNA, the molecules carrying genetic information in cells. Examples include adenine and guanine. In cancer care, purines may come up in genetic tests or treatments. For example, some cancer drugs mimic purines to block cancer cell growth. Patients should ask their care team how purines relate to their diagnosis or treatment rather than assuming the term alone means a specific condition.

Purine nucleoside analogs (PNAs) are cancer drugs that look like natural chemicals called purines. They work by blocking enzymes needed to make DNA and RNA, which can stop cancer cells from growing and cause damage to their DNA. PNAs are often used to treat certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment.

Purinethol is a brand name for mercaptopurine, a medicine used mainly to treat a type of blood cancer called acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It works by slowing or stopping cancer cells from growing. Purinethol may also be used for some autoimmune diseases and is being studied for other cancers. Patients should talk with their healthcare team about how this medicine fits into their care.

Purixan is a brand name for mercaptopurine, a medicine used mainly to treat a type of blood cancer called acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It works by slowing or stopping cancer cells from growing. Purixan may also be used for some autoimmune diseases and is being studied for other cancers. Patients should talk with their healthcare team about how this medicine fits into their care.

Purple Clover, also known as Red Clover or Trifolium pratense, is a plant with flowers that has been used in some cultures for health purposes. It is being studied for possible benefits in relieving menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects. The term can appear under different names, so it’s important to understand it in context and discuss with your care team how it relates to your care.

Purple Coneflower, also known as Echinacea, is a North American herb traditionally used to help with colds and respiratory infections. It may interfere with cancer treatments that rely on the immune system. Side effects are usually mild, such as stomach upset or skin reactions. Patients should always talk with their cancer care team before using Echinacea to understand its safety and effects in their specific situation.

Reason or Purpose to Live refers to the personal motivations and meaningful goals that help a person endure serious illness, including cancer. Having a strong reason to keep living can support emotional well-being, resilience, and quality of life. This concept may appear in medical discussions or care plans and is important to understand in context with individual experiences and needs.

PUVA therapy is a treatment that combines a drug called psoralen with ultraviolet A (UVA) light to help manage certain skin conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, and some types of skin lymphoma. Psoralen makes the skin more sensitive to UVA light, which helps improve symptoms. However, PUVA therapy may increase the risk of skin damage and skin cancer over time. Always ask your care team how this treatment applies to your situation.

PV stands for pharmacovigilance, which is the science and practice of monitoring the safety of medicines, especially during clinical trials and after they are approved for use. It involves collecting and analyzing information about side effects or problems caused by drugs to help keep treatments safer for patients. If you see PV mentioned in your care, it relates to how your healthcare team watches for and manages drug safety.

PV701 is an experimental virus studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of viruses that cause Newcastle disease in birds and is designed to attack cancer cells. Early research tested its safety and how it affects tumors, but it is not an approved treatment. Patients should discuss with their care team what PV701 means for their specific situation.

Belinostat, also known by its brand name Beleodaq and research name PXD101, is a medicine used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a rare type of blood cancer. It is mainly used when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned. Belinostat works by blocking enzymes that help cancer cells grow and may also stop tumors from growing new blood vessels.

The pylorus is the part of the stomach that connects to the first part of the small intestine. It acts like a valve, opening and closing to control the flow of partly digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. Understanding the pylorus is important because changes to it, such as surgery or narrowing, can affect digestion and may be mentioned in medical care related to stomach conditions.

A pyogenic granuloma, also called lobular capillary hemangioma, is a noncancerous growth made of small blood vessels. It often appears as a bright red, raised bump on the skin or mucous membranes, such as inside the mouth. These growths can develop quickly, may bleed easily, and often result from irritation, injury, or hormonal changes. Treatment may be needed if bleeding or discomfort occurs.

Pyrazine Diazohydroxide is a substance currently being studied for its potential use in cancer treatment. It is not a standard treatment or diagnosis but may appear in research or medical discussions. Patients and caregivers should always discuss what this term means for their specific situation with their healthcare team. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Pyrazoloacridine is a drug being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called acridines. Researchers are exploring its effects and safety, but it is not yet a standard cancer treatment. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers recognize it in research or treatment discussions.

Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps keep nerves and skin healthy, supports the immune system, maintains normal blood sugar levels, and helps produce red blood cells. Pyridoxine is found in many foods like meat, fish, eggs, and bananas. It is being studied for its potential to help prevent side effects of some cancer treatments.

Pyrimidines are natural chemical compounds that cells use to build DNA and RNA, the materials that carry genetic information. In cancer care, related drugs called fluoropyrimidines are used in chemotherapy to help stop cancer cells from growing. If you see the term pyrimidine or fluoropyrimidine, ask your care team how it applies to your treatment, as it is part of a larger process, not a diagnosis or specific treatment by itself.

Pyroxamide is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called histone deacetylase inhibitors, which may affect how cancer cells grow. Researchers are exploring its potential benefits, but it is not yet a standard cancer therapy. Understanding pyroxamide can help patients recognize new treatment options under investigation.