U Glossary Terms

U-Plasminogen Activator, also called urokinase or uPA, is an enzyme made in the kidney and found in urine. It helps dissolve blood clots and may be made in the lab to treat or prevent clots. In cancer care, this term can appear in reports or discussions, but it is important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Coenzyme Q10 (also called CoQ10 or ubiquinone) is a natural substance your body makes to help cells produce energy and protect themselves from damage. It acts as an antioxidant and is found in foods like fatty fish, beef, and soybeans. Some people with cancer take CoQ10 supplements to support heart health during chemotherapy or reduce side effects, but its benefits and safety are still being studied.

UCN-01 is an experimental anticancer drug related to a group called staurosporine analogs. It is studied for its potential to affect cancer cells, but it is not a standard treatment. Patients may hear about UCN-01 in research or clinical trial settings, where new cancer drugs are tested. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Udenyca is a medicine used to help prevent infections in adults and children who have low white blood cell counts caused by chemotherapy. It works by helping the bone marrow make more white blood cells and stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. Udenyca is also known by other names like Fulphila, Neulasta, Nyvepria, Pegfilgrastim, and Ziextenzo.

UFT, also known as Ftorafur or tegafur-uracil, is a chemotherapy drug made from two substances: tegafur and uracil. Tegafur turns into a cancer-fighting chemical inside tumor cells, while uracil helps keep more of this chemical inside the cells to improve its effect. Patients may see these names in medical reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team what it means for their specific care.

UGT1A1 is an enzyme made by the liver and intestines that helps break down certain substances in the body. It is being studied in cancer care because changes in this enzyme can affect how some cancer treatments work or cause side effects. If you see UGT1A1 mentioned in your care, it’s important to ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

Ukrain, also called Chelidonium Alkaloid Thiophosphate, is a drug made from the greater celandine plant. It has been studied as a possible cancer treatment because it may cause cancer cells to die. However, research so far is limited and not strong enough to prove it works or is safe. If you hear about Ukrain, talk openly with your cancer care team before considering it.

Ukrain, also called Chelidonium Alkaloid Thiophosphate, is a drug made from the greater celandine plant. It has been studied as a possible cancer treatment because it may cause cancer cells to die. However, research so far is limited and not strong enough to prove it works or is safe. If you hear about Ukrain, talk openly with your cancer care team before considering it.

An ulcer is a sore or break in the skin or the lining of an organ, such as the stomach or colon. Ulcers happen when the surface cells become inflamed, die, and are lost. They can be linked to various health conditions, including some cancers and digestive diseases. Ulcers may cause symptoms like pain or bleeding and often need medical tests and treatment to manage the underlying cause.

Ulceration means a break or sore on the skin or an organ’s surface where the skin cells have died and been lost. In melanoma, ulceration is an important factor doctors consider alongside tumor thickness and spread to help understand the cancer’s behavior and guide treatment. Patients should ask their care team how ulceration affects their specific diagnosis and care plan.

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition causing inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the lining of the colon and rectum. It can cause abdominal pain, cramps, and diarrhea with blood or pus. This condition increases the risk of colon cancer over time and may affect cancer care. Treatments vary depending on severity and may include medications or surgery.

Ulmus fulva, also known as Gray Elm, Indian Elm, Red Elm, Slippery Elm, Sweet Elm, or Ulmus rubra, is a tree native to eastern North America. Its inner bark has been traditionally used in some cultures to soothe irritated tissues and may have antioxidant effects. While sometimes mentioned in cancer care for symptom relief or supportive care, it is not a proven cancer treatment.

Ulmus rubra, also known as slippery elm, gray elm, Indian elm, red elm, sweet elm, or Ulmus fulva, is a tree native to eastern North America. Its inner bark has been used traditionally in some cultures to soothe irritated tissues and may have antioxidant effects. It sometimes appears in cancer care discussions for symptom relief but is not a standard cancer treatment.

Chinese Weevils (Ulomoides dermestoides) are small beetles sometimes used in folk remedies, including swallowing live beetles in a practice called coleotherapy. Though promoted by some as a natural treatment for asthma, cancer, and other illnesses, there is no scientific evidence supporting their safety or effectiveness. Medical experts warn of potential risks, including serious lung problems, and do not recommend their use in cancer care.

Ulomoides dermestoides defensive secretion refers to natural chemicals produced by certain beetles, including benzoquinones like ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ). These substances are part of the beetles’ defense system and sometimes appear in alternative medicine discussions. There is no proven benefit or safety evidence for their use in cancer treatment. Patients should discuss any mention of these chemicals with their healthcare team.

Ultomiris, also known as ravulizumab, is a medicine made from antibodies that helps treat rare blood disorders like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). It works by blocking part of the immune system that can damage red blood cells and cause blood clots. It is approved for use in adults and children as young as one month old.

Ultra light cigarettes are cigarettes once marketed as giving off less tar than regular cigarettes. However, they are no safer and do not reduce the risk of cancer or other diseases. Smoking them can expose a person to the same harmful chemicals as regular cigarettes. These cigarettes are no longer allowed to be labeled or advertised as ultra light.

Ultram, also known as tramadol hydrochloride, is a medicine used to relieve moderate to severe pain in adults. It works by acting on opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. It may be prescribed when other pain medicines are not enough. If you see this name in your medical records or hear it mentioned, ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

An ultrasonogram, also called a sonogram, is a safe and painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body. In cancer care, it helps find tumors, check if cancer has spread, or monitor how well treatment is working. The test uses a small device called a transducer that sends sound waves and captures echoes to form images on a screen.

Ultrasonography, also called ultrasound, is a safe and painless test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body. It helps doctors look at organs and tissues without using X-rays. This test can help find diseases like cancer, check on a pregnancy, or guide procedures such as biopsies. Patients may hear different names for this test, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for your care.

Ultrasound, also called ultrasonography, is a test that uses sound waves to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. It is often used to look at the prostate and other areas to help find or monitor cancer. If ultrasound images suggest a problem, doctors may recommend further tests like a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a special type of ultrasound exam that creates detailed images of the eye’s internal structures. It uses high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures called sonograms, helping doctors see parts of the eye more clearly than with regular ultrasound. Patients may encounter this test when their care team needs a closer look at eye conditions or tumors.

Ultrasound energy is a type of sound energy used in medicine that is being studied as a cancer treatment. It can be focused to heat and kill cancer cells without harming nearby healthy tissue. Patients should discuss with their care team how ultrasound energy might relate to their specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

An ultrasound transducer is a small device that sends sound waves into the body and receives echoes to create images of organs and tissues. It can be moved over the skin or gently inserted into body openings like the vagina to help doctors see inside the body. This tool is often used in tests like transvaginal ultrasound to check pelvic organs and guide care decisions.

An ultrasound-guided biopsy is a procedure that uses ultrasound imaging to locate an abnormal area of tissue and guide the removal of a small sample for testing. It helps doctors examine tissue under a microscope to learn more about a possible health concern. Patients should discuss with their care team what this procedure means for their specific situation.

Ultraviolet A radiation (UVA) is a type of invisible light energy from the sun, tanning beds, and special medical lamps. It can cause skin aging and increase the risk of skin cancer. In medicine, UVA is used with a drug called psoralen in PUVA therapy to treat certain skin conditions. Patients should ask their care team how UVA or PUVA therapy relates to their care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is a type of invisible energy from the sun that can cause sunburn and skin changes. It may also increase the risk of skin cancers like melanoma. In medicine, UVB is used in special lamps or lasers to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and certain skin lymphomas. Protecting skin from UVB with sunscreen is important to reduce harm.

Ultraviolet C radiation, also called UVC radiation, is a type of invisible light energy mostly blocked by the Earth’s ozone layer. In medicine, special lamps or lasers that produce UVC rays are used to kill germs, help heal wounds, and treat certain skin conditions like psoriasis and some skin lymphomas. The term may appear in medical reports or treatment discussions, so it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to you.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) is invisible energy from the sun and some artificial sources like tanning beds and special lamps. It can damage the skin and eyes, increasing the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma and nonmelanoma types. Protecting your skin from UV radiation by using sunscreen and avoiding tanning beds helps lower this risk.

Ultraviolet Radiation Therapy is a type of treatment that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to help manage certain skin conditions and some skin cancers. UV radiation mainly comes from sunlight but can also be produced by special lamps or lasers used in medical treatments. While UV radiation exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer, controlled UV therapy can be part of cancer care or symptom management under medical supervision.

Umbilical cord blood is the blood collected from a newborn’s umbilical cord after birth. It contains special cells called stem cells that can develop into all types of blood cells. These stem cells may be used in stem cell transplants to help restore a patient’s blood and immune system after cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation is a procedure that uses stem cells collected from a newborn’s umbilical cord blood to help restore a patient’s blood and immune system. It is sometimes used after cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that affect blood cell production. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how this treatment might apply to their specific situation.

An umbrella trial is a type of clinical study where patients with the same kind of cancer receive treatments based on specific gene changes or biomarkers found in their tumors. This approach helps test new drugs targeted to these differences and may speed up drug development. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your own treatment plan.

An unaffected individual is a person who does not have a specific genetic trait or inherited disease. In cancer genetics, this term helps describe family members who do not carry a gene change linked to cancer risk. It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team what it means for you or your family member.

Unclassified sarcoma, also called undifferentiated sarcoma, is a rare type of soft tissue cancer that usually grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the body. It often forms in muscles attached to bones and may develop in areas previously treated with radiation. Because it does not look like other sarcomas under a microscope, it can be hard to diagnose. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

An Unclassified Variant (also called Variant of Uncertain Significance or VUS) is a change found in a gene’s DNA where it’s not yet clear if it affects health or increases cancer risk. This term often appears in genetic test results. It means more research is needed to understand the variant’s impact. Patients should discuss what this means for them with their healthcare team rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment guide.

An uncontrolled study is a type of clinical research that does not include a comparison or control group. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand that results from such studies may be less certain. Always ask your care team how findings from an uncontrolled study apply to your individual situation before making decisions about diagnosis or treatment.

Unconventional cancer treatments are methods or products used to treat cancer that have not been proven effective through accepted scientific studies. These treatments, such as 714-X, often lack strong evidence and may carry risks. It’s important to discuss any interest in such therapies openly with your healthcare team to ensure safe and informed care.

Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism, happens when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones. These hormones help control your body’s energy use and affect many body functions. Symptoms can include feeling tired, weight gain, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold. It is diagnosed with blood tests and sometimes imaging. Treatment usually involves daily hormone replacement medicine.

Undescended testicles, also called cryptorchidism, is a condition where one or both testicles do not move down into the scrotum before birth. It is a common birth difference in boys and may increase the risk of testicular cancer and fertility problems later in life. Treatment often involves surgery during infancy to lower risks and improve outcomes.

Undifferentiated describes cancer cells that look very different from normal cells and lack specialized features. These cells often grow and spread quickly. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in the context of the specific diagnosis and to ask the care team how it affects treatment and prognosis, rather than focusing on the word alone.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), also known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma or malignant fibrous cytoma, is a rare cancer that usually starts in soft tissues like muscles, fat, or connective tissue, but can also begin in bone. It often grows quickly and may spread to other parts of the body, especially the lungs. UPS mainly affects older adults and is treated primarily with surgery, sometimes combined with chemotherapy or radiation.

Undifferentiated sarcoma, also called unclassified sarcoma, is a rare type of soft tissue cancer that usually grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the body. It often forms in muscles attached to bones and may develop in areas previously treated with radiation. Because it does not look like other sarcomas under a microscope, it can be hard to diagnose. Ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

An unguent, also called an ointment, is a thick, oily substance applied to the skin to soothe or heal wounds, burns, rashes, or other skin problems. It helps protect irritated or damaged skin by forming a barrier that keeps moisture in and irritants out. Unguents are often used in cancer care to relieve skin discomfort caused by treatments or to ease symptoms like pain and swelling from hemorrhoids.

Unilateral means relating to or affecting only one side of the body. In cancer care and medical reports, it describes conditions, symptoms, or treatments that involve one side rather than both. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation instead of assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is surgery to remove one ovary and its fallopian tube on one side of the body. It is often done to treat or reduce the risk of certain cancers or other medical conditions. Because it affects hormone levels and fertility, it’s important to discuss with your healthcare team how this surgery fits your personal health needs.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent group of health experts who review research to make recommendations about preventive health care, like screenings and medicines. Their advice helps doctors and patients decide which preventive services might be right. In the U.S., some health plans cover certain medications, such as simvastatin, based on USPSTF recommendations.

Unituxin (dinutuximab, also called Ch14.18) is a targeted cancer medicine used mainly for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. It is a monoclonal antibody that attaches to a molecule called GD2 on cancer cells, helping the immune system find and attack them. Unituxin is given after initial treatments have reduced the cancer and is used with other medicines to improve treatment results.

Unloxcyt, also known as Cosibelimab, is a medicine used to treat adults with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Unloxcyt is given as an infusion and may cause side effects like tiredness, rash, or diarrhea. Always ask your care team how this drug fits your treatment plan.

Unresectable means a tumor or cancer that cannot be removed completely by surgery. This may be because the tumor is too large, has spread to nearby tissues, or surgery would cause serious harm. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions about treatment options and what to expect.

Unresectable gallbladder cancer means the cancer has spread to nearby tissues or organs around the gallbladder and cannot be removed by surgery. This term helps patients understand their diagnosis but should be discussed with the care team to know what it means for each person’s treatment and care options. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Unresected describes an organ, tissue, or cancer that has not been partly or completely removed by surgery. This term helps explain whether surgery has been used to remove cancer or affected areas. Understanding if a tumor is unresected can be important when learning about treatment options and disease status. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Unsealed internal radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment where a radioactive substance is given by injection into the bloodstream or a body cavity, or by swallowing it. Unlike sealed radiation sources, the radioactive material is not contained in a device. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Upa, also known as urokinase or u-plasminogen activator, is an enzyme made in the kidneys that helps dissolve blood clots. It may appear in medical reports under several related names. In cancer care, parts of Upa are being studied for their potential to slow tumor growth and spread. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Upper endoscopy, also called EGD or esophagogastroduodenoscopy, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It helps doctors find abnormal areas, take tissue samples, and sometimes treat problems like bleeding or narrow passages. It is often used to check for cancer or related conditions.

The upper extremity refers to the part of the body that includes the arm, wrist, and hand. In cancer care, understanding this term helps patients and caregivers follow discussions about tumors or treatments involving these areas. It’s important to ask your care team how this term applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, also called EGD or upper endoscopy, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It helps doctors find abnormal areas, take tissue samples, and sometimes treat problems like bleeding or narrow passages. It is often used to check for cancer or related conditions.

An Upper Gastrointestinal Series, also called a Barium Swallow or Upper GI Series, is an X-ray test that takes pictures of the upper digestive tract. You drink a chalky liquid containing barium, which coats the inside of your throat, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine to make them visible on X-rays. This test helps doctors find problems like difficulty swallowing, pain, or blockages.

Upper GI endoscopy, also called EGD or esophagogastroduodenoscopy, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It helps doctors find abnormal areas, take tissue samples, and sometimes treat problems like bleeding or narrow passages. It is often used to check for cancer or related conditions.

An Upper GI Series, also called a Barium Swallow, is an X-ray test that takes pictures of the upper digestive tract. You drink a chalky liquid containing barium, which coats your throat, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine. This helps doctors see problems like difficulty swallowing, pain, or blockages.

The upper jaw, also called the maxilla, is the bone that forms the upper part of your jaw, the roof of your mouth, and parts of your eye sockets and nose. It holds your upper teeth and supports muscles used for chewing and facial expressions. In cancer care, the maxilla may be mentioned when tumors or treatments involve this bone or nearby facial areas.

Upregulation is a natural process where cells increase their response to signals or substances, often by making more receptors or activating molecules on their surface. This helps cells react more strongly to hormones, drugs, or other messages. In cancer care, understanding upregulation can help explain how cells behave or respond to treatments. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Upstaging means that after more tests, a cancer is found to be more advanced than first thought. This change from a lower to a higher stage helps doctors plan the best treatment. If you hear the word upstaging, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation instead of assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment decision on its own.

The urachus, also called the median umbilical ligament, is a thin, fibrous cord that connects the top of the bladder to the belly button (navel). It is a leftover structure from before birth that usually has no function in adults. Doctors may mention it when describing anatomy near the bladder or lower abdomen, especially on imaging tests like CT scans or ultrasounds.

Uracil is a natural chemical building block of RNA. A related compound called FAU (1-(2’-Deoxy-2’-Fluoro-β-D-Arabinofuranosyl) Uracil) is being studied as a possible treatment for advanced solid tumors and lymphomas. FAU is experimental and not yet a standard cancer treatment. Patients should ask their care team how uracil or FAU might relate to their specific care.

Urea, also called carbamide, is a natural substance made when the body breaks down protein. It is removed from the blood by the kidneys. A topical form of urea is being studied to help treat hand-foot syndrome, a side effect of some cancer treatments that causes pain, swelling, or redness in the hands or feet. Urea may also be found in skin creams that moisturize dry, scaly skin.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test that measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood from urea, a waste product made when the liver breaks down protein. Your kidneys normally remove urea through urine. High BUN levels may suggest kidney problems or other health issues. BUN is often checked with other tests to help understand kidney health, especially during cancer care.

Urea/lactic acid-based cream is a moisturizing lotion that may help soften and break down thick, dry, scaly skin. It is being studied as a treatment for hand-foot syndrome, a side effect some cancer patients experience during chemotherapy that causes redness, swelling, and tingling in the hands and feet. Patients should ask their care team how this cream might fit into their personal skin care or symptom management plan.

The ureters are two thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is about 8 to 12 inches long and uses muscle movements to push urine downward. Problems with the ureters, such as blockages or infections, can affect urine flow and may require tests or treatments. Understanding the ureters helps patients follow care related to kidney, ureter, or bladder health.

Ureteronephrectomy, also called nephroureterectomy, is surgery to remove a kidney and its ureter—the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This operation is often done to treat cancers affecting these parts of the urinary system. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers follow treatment plans and medical discussions about urinary tract cancers.

Ureteroscopy is a procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube called a ureteroscope to look inside the ureter—the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder—and the renal pelvis, part of the kidney. It helps doctors check for cancer or other abnormal growths and can also be used to treat kidney or ureter stones. Patients should ask their care team how ureteroscopy applies to their specific situation.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In men, it also carries semen during ejaculation. It is important in urinary and reproductive health. Problems with the urethra, such as cancer or narrowing, can affect urination and may require medical evaluation and treatment.

Urethral cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. It can occur in different parts of the urethra and may cause symptoms like blood in the urine, pain, or difficulty urinating. Understanding where the cancer begins helps doctors plan the best tests and treatments. If you hear terms like anterior or distal urethral cancer, ask your care team what it means for your care.

Uric acid is a waste product made when the body breaks down substances called purines. High uric acid levels can happen during some cancer treatments and may cause problems like gout or kidney issues. Medicines like allopurinol may be used to lower uric acid and protect the body. If you hear about uric acid or allopurinol in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you.

Uridine triacetate, also known as PN401, triacetyluridine, or Vistogard, is a medicine used in emergencies to treat serious side effects or overdose from certain chemotherapy drugs like fluorouracil or capecitabine. It helps protect healthy cells, especially when heart or nervous system problems happen shortly after chemotherapy. It may also appear under related names such as PN401, Triacetyluridine, And Vistogard.

Urinalysis is a common test that checks your urine for signs of health problems. It looks at urine color, clarity, acidity, and the presence of substances like blood, protein, sugar, or germs. This test helps doctors find infections, kidney issues, diabetes, and monitor some treatments. It’s a simple way to learn about your body’s health and guide care decisions.

Urinary refers to anything related to urine or the organs that produce and remove urine, such as the bladder and kidneys. Cancer treatments, especially for prostate, bladder, or pelvic cancers, can cause urinary problems like incontinence or infections. If you notice changes in urination or bladder control during or after cancer care, talk with your healthcare team for advice and support.

Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates a new way for urine to leave the body after the bladder is removed, often due to bladder cancer. One type, called a continent reservoir, uses a pouch inside the body to store urine, which the person empties by inserting a catheter through a small opening on the abdomen. This helps avoid the need for an external urine bag and allows more control over urination.

Urinary incontinence is the loss of bladder control, causing urine to leak unexpectedly. It is common, especially in older adults and women after pregnancy or menopause. The condition can range from mild to severe and may improve with treatment. Causes include weak pelvic muscles, infections, or side effects of cancer treatments. Managing it often involves lifestyle changes, medicines, or therapies.

Urinary retention is a condition where the bladder cannot empty completely. It can happen suddenly or develop slowly over time. People with urinary retention may feel a strong need to urinate but cannot, or may urinate only small amounts. It can be caused by blockages, nerve problems, or weak bladder muscles. Long-term urinary retention can increase the risk of urinary tract infections. If sudden, it is a medical emergency needing prompt care.

The urinary system, also called the urinary tract, includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It makes and stores urine, removing waste and extra fluid from the body. In cancer care, tumors or treatments may affect this system, causing symptoms that sometimes need medicines like alpha-blockers to manage. Understanding this system helps patients and caregivers recognize related symptoms and treatment effects.

The urinary tract, also called the urinary system, includes the organs that make urine and remove it from the body. It has two parts: the upper tract (kidneys and ureters) and the lower tract (bladder and urethra). The kidneys filter waste to make urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder, then leaves the body through the urethra. Problems here can affect urination and may be linked to cancer treatments.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) happens when bacteria grow in parts of the urinary system, like the bladder or urethra. Common signs include pain or burning when urinating, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and needing to urinate often. UTIs are common, especially in women, and can sometimes occur in people with cancer or other health conditions. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection.

Urine is a fluid made by the kidneys that contains water and waste products. It is stored in the bladder and leaves the body through the urethra. Changes in urine, such as blood or unusual color, can signal health issues including infections, kidney or bladder problems, and sometimes cancer. If you notice symptoms like blood in your urine or pain, it’s important to see your health care provider for evaluation.

A urine culture is a lab test that checks your urine for bacteria, yeast, or other germs that might cause an infection. It helps doctors find out what type of infection you have and decide the best treatment. This test is often used to diagnose urinary tract infections and to confirm if an infection has cleared after treatment.

Urine cytology is a test that looks for abnormal cells in a urine sample. It helps detect diseases affecting the urinary tract, including infections and cancers such as bladder cancer. This test is often used when there are symptoms like blood in the urine or to monitor people treated for urinary tract cancers. It is a noninvasive way to check for cancer cells but may not detect all types of tumors.

Urine therapy is an alternative practice involving the use of one’s own urine for health or spiritual purposes, such as drinking it or applying it to the skin. There is no scientific evidence supporting health benefits, including for cancer. Some people use it for emotional or spiritual reasons, but it is not part of standard cancer treatment and may carry risks. Patients should discuss any use with their healthcare team.

Urine Therapy Diet Systems are alternative nutrition or diet approaches that involve using urine for health purposes. They are sometimes discussed in cancer care for claims about supporting nutrition, metabolism, digestion, immune health, or treatment tolerance. These systems are considered unconventional and lack strong scientific evidence for cancer treatment. Patients should discuss any use with their healthcare team to ensure safety and avoid interfering with standard care.

Urokinase is an enzyme made in the body that helps dissolve blood clots. It may also appear under names like u-plasminogen activator (uPA) or urokinase-plasminogen activator. In cancer care, urokinase is sometimes mentioned because it can be involved in how cancer spreads. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)-derived peptide A6, also called A6, is a small piece of a protein involved in breaking down blood clots. It is being studied as a possible cancer treatment because it may help stop tumors from growing new blood vessels and spreading to other parts of the body. A6 is not yet a standard treatment but may appear in clinical trials or research discussions.

Urokinase-Plasminogen Activator (also called uPA, urokinase, or Upa) is an enzyme made in the kidneys that helps dissolve blood clots. It may appear in medical reports or discussions about cancer because it can be involved in how tumors grow and spread. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

A urologic oncologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat cancers of the urinary system and male reproductive organs. They focus on cancers affecting organs like the kidneys, bladder, prostate, and testicles. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment.

A urologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat problems of the urinary system in women and the urinary and male reproductive organs in men. They manage conditions ranging from infections and urinary difficulties to cancers affecting the bladder, prostate, kidneys, and related organs. If your care involves urinary or prostate health, a urologist may be part of your medical team.

A urostomy is a surgery that creates a new opening (stoma) on the abdomen to allow urine to leave the body when the bladder or normal urinary route is not available. It is often done after bladder removal surgery, such as for bladder cancer. Care includes protecting the skin around the stoma from urine irritation. Patients should ask their care team how a urostomy applies to their specific situation.

Urothelial cancer is a type of cancer that starts in urothelial cells lining parts of the urinary system, including the bladder, ureters, and kidneys. It is also called transitional cell cancer or urothelial carcinoma. Symptoms vary depending on where the cancer is and how advanced it is. Understanding the different names can help avoid confusion when reading medical reports or discussing care.

Urothelium is the special lining that covers the inside of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It acts as a strong barrier to protect the body from waste and harmful substances in urine. Because it can develop cancer, especially bladder cancer, understanding urothelium is important for patients and caregivers. Always ask your care team how this term relates to your own health situation.

Ursodiol, also called ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), is a medicine made from a natural bile acid. It helps dissolve certain types of gallstones and is approved to treat a liver disease called primary biliary cholangitis. Ursodiol works by reducing cholesterol absorption in the intestines. It is important to talk with your healthcare team about what ursodiol means for your specific health situation.

Urticaria, also called hives, is a skin rash with red or skin-colored raised bumps that often itch. These bumps can appear suddenly and may be caused by allergic reactions, infections, stress, or other triggers. While usually harmless and temporary, some types of hives may signal more serious conditions. If you see “urticaria” or “hives” in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

The USB1 gene makes an enzyme that helps protect RNA, which is important for making proteins. Changes (mutations) in this gene are linked to rare conditions like Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and dyskeratosis congenita, which can increase the risk of skin cancer and other health problems. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent group of health experts who review research to make recommendations about preventive health care, such as screenings and medicines. Their advice helps doctors and patients decide which preventive services might be helpful. In the U.S., some health plans cover certain services and medications based on USPSTF recommendations.

Usual care means the standard treatment or care a patient normally receives from their healthcare provider. It serves as the baseline or comparison in medical studies and everyday practice. Usual care can vary depending on the condition and setting but generally reflects routine medical management without experimental or new treatments.

Uterine cancer is a disease where cancer cells form in the tissues of the uterus, the organ in a woman’s pelvis where a fetus grows during pregnancy. The most common type is endometrial cancer, which starts in the lining of the uterus. A rarer type is uterine sarcoma, which begins in the muscle or other tissues of the uterus. Treatment and outlook depend on the type and stage of the cancer.

Uterine sarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that starts in the muscle or connective tissues of the uterus, usually after menopause. It is different from the more common endometrial cancer, which begins in the lining of the uterus. Risk factors include past radiation therapy to the pelvis and use of tamoxifen for breast cancer. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Diagnosis and treatment vary, so it’s important to discuss what this means for you with your.

The uterus, also called the womb, is a hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis where a fetus grows during pregnancy. It plays an important role in reproduction and can be affected by various conditions, including uterine cancer. Understanding the uterus helps patients and caregivers better follow medical discussions and treatment plans related to reproductive health and cancer care.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) happens when bacteria grow in parts of the urinary system, like the bladder or urethra. UTIs can cause pain during urination, frequent urges to urinate, cloudy or smelly urine, and sometimes fever. They are common, especially in women, and can be more likely after certain treatments or health changes. UTIs may need medical care to prevent complications.

UV radiation, also called ultraviolet radiation, is invisible energy from the sun, sun lamps, and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and eyes and increase the risk of skin cancer. Protecting yourself by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and limiting sun exposure can help reduce these risks. UV radiation is also used in some medical treatments for skin conditions.

Ultraviolet A radiation (UVA) is a type of invisible light from the sun, tanning beds, and special medical lamps. UVA rays can cause skin aging and increase the risk of skin cancer. In medicine, UVA is used with a drug called psoralen in PUVA therapy to treat certain skin conditions. Patients should ask their care team how UVA or PUVA therapy relates to their care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is a type of invisible energy from the sun that can cause sunburn and skin changes. It may increase the risk of skin cancers like melanoma. In medicine, UVB is also used in special lamps or lasers to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and certain skin lymphomas. Protecting skin from UVB with sunscreen is important to reduce harm.

Ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation is a type of invisible light mostly blocked by the Earth’s ozone layer. In medicine, special lamps or lasers produce UVC rays to kill germs, help wounds heal, and treat some skin conditions like psoriasis and certain skin lymphomas. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

The uvea, also called the uveal tract, is the middle, pigmented layer of the eye. It includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This layer contains cells that produce melanin, the dark pigment in the eye. Rare cancers, such as uveal melanoma, can start in these pigment-producing cells. Understanding the uvea helps patients and caregivers recognize terms related to eye health and certain eye cancers.

Uveal melanoma is a rare cancer that starts in the pigment-producing cells of the eye’s middle layer, called the uvea. It is the most common eye cancer in adults and can affect the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. The tumor’s size, location, and whether it has spread influence treatment and outlook. It is also known as intraocular melanoma.

The uveal tract, also called the uvea, is the middle, pigmented layer of the eye. It includes three parts: the iris (the colored part), the ciliary body (which helps focus the eye and produces fluid), and the choroid (a layer rich in blood vessels). Rare cancers, such as uveal melanoma, can start in the pigment-producing cells of this layer. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers follow eye health and cancer discussions.

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It can cause eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, and dark spots. Uveitis may result from injury, infection, autoimmune conditions, or tumors. If untreated, it can lead to serious eye damage or vision loss. Treatment is important to control inflammation and protect vision.

The uvula, also called the palatine uvula, is the small, soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of your mouth from the soft palate. It helps with swallowing and speech. In cancer care, doctors may check the uvula because cancers can develop nearby. Knowing about the uvula can help you understand your diagnosis and treatment discussions.